MEDICAL 

LI1B1RATKY 


The  Lucy  M.Wanzer  Library 


A  LABORATORY   GUIDE 

FOR   THE 

DISSECTION  OF  THE  CAT 

AN   INTRODUCTION   TO   THE   STUDY 
OF    ANATOMY 


BY 

FREDERIC    P.   GORHAM,   A.M. 

AND 

RALPH    W.   TOWER,  A.M. 

INSTRUCTORS   IN    BIOLOGY   IN   BROWN   UNIVERSITY 


NEW   YORK 
CHARLES    SCRIBNER'S    SONS 

1895 


COPYRIGHT,  1895,  BY 
CHARLES    SCRIBNER'S    SONS 


TROW    DIRECTORY 

PRINTING  AND   BOO«B-NDING  COMPAN 
NEW   YORK 


PREFACE 

THIS  outline  has  been  prepared  to  supply  a 
convenient  laboratory  guide  for  elementary  classes 
in  anatomy.  It  is  intended  to  serve  merely  as  an 
introduction  to  anatomical  methods  and  terminol- 
ogy. In  its  preparation  we  have  been  assisted  by 
the  suggestions  of  Dr.  H.  C.  Bumpus,  Professor 
of  Comparative  Anatomy  in  Brown  University, 
whose  advice  we  gratefully  acknowledge. 

BROWN  UNIVERSITY, 
April  4,  1895. 


27510 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION, i 

CHAPTER    I.— SKELETON. 

AXIAL  SKELETON, 5 

A.  Skull, 5 

B.  Vertebral  Column, 

C.  Ribs, 10 

D.  Sternum, 10 

APPENDICULAR  SKELETON, 10 

A.  Shoulder-girdle  and  Fore-leg,      .....  10 

B.  Pelvic-girdle  and  Hind-leg, 12 

CHAPTER    II.— VISCERA. 

ABDOMINAL  VISCERA,  ...  14 

A.  Alimentary  Canal,        ...  14 

B.  Appendicular  Organs  of  the  Alimentary  Canal,  .         .  16 

C.  Urinary  System,           .         .         .         .  •       .         .         .  17 

D.  Reproductive  System,          .....  18 

THORACIC  VISCERA, 21 

VISCERA  OF  THE  HEAD  AND  NECK,  ...  23 

A.  Salivary  Glands, 23 

B.  Mouth,  Pharynx,  and  Larynx,      ....  24 

CHAPTER    III.— MUSCLES. 

MUSCLES  OF  THE  ABDOMEN, 28 

MUSCLES  OF  THE  THORAX,         .        .        .        .        .        .  30 

MUSCLES  OF  THE  FORE-LEG  AND  SHOULDER,  ...  32 

MUSCLES  OF  THE  HIND-LEG, 39 

MUSCLES  OF  THE  NECK,                                      .        :        .  42 


CONTENTS 
CHAPTER    IV. ^-VASCULAR    SYSTEM. 


I'AGE 


ARTERIAL  S  VST  KM.        ........  45 

VENOUS  SYSTEM, 51 

A.  Prae-cava 51 

B.  Post-cava,    .         .         .         .         .         ...         .  53 

C.  Portal  System, 54 

CHAPTER   V.— NERVOUS  SYSTEM. 

INVESTING  MEMBRANES, 55 

EXTERNAL  ANATOMY  OF  THE  BRAIN,       ....  56 

A.  Cerebrum, 56 

B.  Cerebellum, 59 

C.  Medulla  Oblongata 60 

INTERNAL  ANATOMY  OF  THE  BRAIN,        .        .        .        .  61 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  CRANIAL  NERVES.        ...  65 

SPINAL  CORD, 67 

SPINAL  NERVES, 68 

A.  Brachial  Plexus,  ...  .68 

B.  Lumbar  Plexus, 69 

SYMPATHETIC  SYSTEM, 71 

CHAPTER    VI.— EYE. 

APPENDAGES  OF  THE  EYE, 73 

EYEBALL, 75 

INDEX,  .  79 


LIST   OF    PLATES 


PLATE       I.— SKELETON, 

PLATE      II.— SUPERFICIAL  MUSCLES  OF  RIGHT  SIDE,    . 
PLATE    III.— DEEPER  MUSCLES  OF  RIGHT  SIDE, 
PLATE    IV. — SUPERFICIAL   AND    DEEPER    MUSCLES    OF 

VENTRAL  SIDE, 

PLATE     V.— ARTERIAL  SYSTEM,        .        .        . 

PLATE    VI.— VENOUS  SYSTEM, 

PLATE  VII.— NERVOUS  SYSTEM, 


FACE   PAGE 

12 


38 

44 
50 
54 
72 


INTRODUCTION 

EACH  student  should  be  supplied  with  at  least 
one  good  scalpel,  a  pair  of  strong  forceps,  a  pen- 
cil, and  a  note-hook.  It  is  expected  that  the  Labo- 
ratory will  furnish  for  general  use  such  necessary 
equipments  as  bone-forceps,  bone-saws,  weighted 
hooks,  and  dissecting-boards. 

Animals  can  be  conveniently  kept  from  day  to 
day  by  using  ice  or  by  injecting  two  per  cent, 
formalin  into  the  principal  vessels  and  cavities. 
For  convenience  in  studying  the  vascular  system, 
however,  the  blood-vessels  should  be  injected  with 
some  colored  fluid.  For  this  purpose  an  ordinary 
starch  injection  mass,  prepared  according  to  the 
following  formula,  may  be  used  :  * 

Dry  starch  (laundry) i  vol. 

2l/2  per  cent,  aqueous  solution  of  chloral  hydrate i  vol. 

95  per  cent,  alcohol %  vol. 

(  Dry  color i  vol.  ) 

Color  •<  Glycerine i  vol.  >• %  vol. 

{  95  per  cent,  alcohol ....    i  vol.  ) 

It  will  be  found  advisable  to  immediately  re- 
move the  brain  from  such  animals  as  are  used  for 
the  dissection  of  the  viscera  or  muscles  in  order 
that  the  organ  may  be  hardened  for  later  dissec- 
tion. Brains  hardened  in  a  two  per  cent,  solution 

*  See  Whitman's  "  Methods,"  p.  223. 


2  INTRODUCTION 

of  formalin  or  seventy  per  cent,  alcohol  will  be 
found  suitable  for  ordinary  dissection.  If  the 
formalin  or  alcohol  is  injected  into  the  cavities  of 
the  brain  through  the  infundibulum,  better  prep- 
arations will  be  secured.  The  cat's  heart  and  eye 
will  answer  for  general  dissection,  but  it  will  be 
found  convenient  to  substitute  the  heart  and  eye 
of  the  pig  for  more  extended  study.  These  can 
be  easily  obtained  from  the  slaughter-house.  The 
description  here  given  of  the  heart  and  eye  of  the 
cat  serves  equally  well  for  the  pig,  with  the  ex- 
ception that  the  tapetum  is  wanting  in  the  latter 
animal. 

Each  student  should  be  provided  with  the  un- 
mounted bones  of  one  specimen  for  the  work  of 
the  first  chapter.  Each  of  the  remaining  chapters 
really  requires  a  fresh  and  complete  animal, 
though  with  the  exercise  of  considerable  care  it  is 
possible  to  study  both  circulatory  and  nervous 
systems  from  a  single  specimen.  At  least  three 
animals,  then,  are  necessary. 

Minute  directions  for  dissection  often  retard  the 
student  more  than  they  aid  him,  and  in  this  guide 
only  the  general  method  is  indicated.  The  inge- 
nuity of  the  student,  directed  by  the  instructor,  will 
suggest  the  details.  For  more  exhaustive  works 
on  the  anatomy  of  the  cat,  the  student  is  referred 
to  "  Anatomical  Technology,"  by  Wilder  and 
Gage,  and  "  The  Cat/'  by  Mivart. 

The  figures  are  diagrammatic,  but  will  serve  to 


INTRODUCTION  3 

indicate  the  more  general  matters  of  relative  size 
and  position.  The  nomenclature  ordinarily  used 
in  standard  anatomical  literature  has  been  fol- 
lowed. The  signification  of  the  general  terms  of 
direction  is  : 

Anterior toward  the  head. 

Posterior toward  the  tail. 

Dorsal toward  the  region  of  the  back. 

Ventral toward  the  region  of  the  belly. 

Lateral. ...'....  toward  either  side. 

Proximal toward  the  central  axis  of  the  body. 

Distal away  from  the  central  axis  of  the 

body. 

The  terms  right  and  left  refer  to  the  right  and 
left  of  the  animal  being  dissected,  and  not  neces- 
sarily to  the  right  and  left  of  the  dissector. 


CHAPTER  I 
SKELETON 

AXIAL    SKELETON 
A.— Skull.     (Plate  I.,  A.) 

The   Skull  is  the  skeleton  of  the  head  and  is 
composed  of  the  following  bones  : 

1.  The  Occipital  Bone,  which  forms  the  posterior 
part  of  the  skull.     It  surrounds  a  large  opening, 
the  foramen    magnum.     On    either    side    of   this 
foramen    are  two  smooth   articular  prominences, 
the  occipital  condyles.     A  projecting  ridge  on  the 
upper  margin  of  the  occipital  bone  is  the  lamb- 
doidal  ridge.     The   anterior  condyloid  foramina 
pierce  the  ventral   side  of  the    occipital  bone   a 
little  anterior  to  the  occipital  condyles. 

2.  The  Temporal  Bones,  which  form  the  lateral 
and  posterior  part  of  the  base  of  the  skull.    On  its 
under  surface  each  presents  a  prominent  oval  ele- 
vation, the  auditory  bulla.     On  the  external  side 
of  each  bulla  is  a  large  foramen,  the  external  audi- 
tory mcatus.     Just  behind  the  auditory  meatus  is 
a  small  foramen,  the  stylo-mastoid.     Between  each 
bulla  and  the  occipital  bone,  just  in  front  of  the  an- 
terior condyloid  foramen,  is  the,  somewhat  larger, 


6  DISSECTION   OF   THE    CAT 

jugular  foramen.  -From  the  anterior  part  of  the 
temporal  bone  extends  a  bony  arch,  the  zygomal it- 
process.  On  the  under  side  of  this  process  is  a 
depression  for  the  articulation  of  the  lower  jaw, 
called  the  glenoid  fossa. 

3.  The  Parietal  Bones,  which  form  the  upper  pos- 
terior part  of  the  skull.     They  meet,  above,  in  the 
median  line. 

4.  The  Interparietal  Bone,  which  lies  in  the  mid- 
dorsal    line,    between    the    parietal    and   occipital 
bones.      It  is  small  and  triangular. 

5.  The  Sphenoid  Bone,  which  partially  forms  the 
base  of  the  skull.     It  lies  in  front  of  the  occip- 
ital and  between  the  temporal  bones.     The  sphe- 
noid is  pierced  on  either  side  by  two  foramina,  the 
posterior  of  which  is  the  foramen  ovale,  the  ante- 
rior the  foramen  rotundum. 

6.  The  Presphenoid  Bone,  which  lies  in  the  mid- 
ventral    line,    immediately   in   front   of   the    sphe- 
noid.     It  is  pierced   on   either  side   by  the  optic 
foramina.      Between  the   sphenoid  and  presphe- 
noid  bones,  in  line  with  the  optic  foramen  and  the 
foramen  rotundum,  is  the  large  sphenoidal  fissure. 

7.  The  Frontal  Bones,  which   form   the   anterior 
part  of  the  roof  of  the  skull,  meeting  above  in  the 
mid-line.     On  either  side  each  frontal  bone  presents 
a  sharp  process,  the  post-orbital.     The  cavity  be- 
hind this  process  is  the  temporal  fossa. 

8.  The  Malar  Bones,  which  form  the  outer  infe- 
rior margin  of  the  orbits.     Each  articulates  pos- 


SKELETON  7 

teriorly  with  the  zygomatic   process  of  the  tem- 
poral bones. 

9.  The  Maxillary  Bones,  which  form  the   princi- 
pal part  of  the  upper  jaw.     Each  bears  the  fol- 
lowing  teeth  :    one  canine,  three    premolars,   and 
one  molar.      It  has  a  posteriorly-directed  process 
which    articulates   with    the    malar    bone,   and   is 
called  the  malar  process. 

10.  The  Premaxillary  Bones,  \vhich  are  two  small 
bones  meeting  in  the  mid-line  in  front  of  the  max- 
illary bones.     Each  bears  three  incisor  teeth. 

11.  The  Nasal  Bones,  which  lie  in  the  mid-dorsal 
line  above  the  nasal  cavity. 

12.  The  Lachrymal  Bones,  which  lie  on  the  ante- 
rior walls  of  the  orbits. 

13.  The  Palatine  Bones,  which  form  the  posterior 
part  of  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 

14.  The  Vomer,  which  forms  the  lower  part  of 
the  median  partition  between  the  nostrils. 

15.  The  Ethmoid  Bones,   which    lie  between  the 
frontal   bones   in   the   nasal   chamber.      They  are 
composed  in  part  of  many  folded  lamellae. 

1 6.  The  Turbinated  Bones,  which  also  consist  of 
folded  lamellae,  extending  into  the  nasal  chamber, 
from  the  inner  side  of  the  ethmoid  and  maxillary 
bones. 

i  7.  The  Mandible,  or  skeleton  of  the  lower  jaw, 
which  consists  of  two  rami  meeting  anteriorly  in 
the  symphysis.  The  posterior  vertical  portion  of 
the  mandible  is  known  as  the  ascending  ramus, 


8  DISSECTION   OF  THE   CAT 

and  the  remaining  portion  is  the  horizontal 
ramus.  The  highest  point  of  the  ascending  ramus 
is  the  coronoid  process.  The  mandible  bears  on 
either  side  the  following  teeth  :  three  incisors, 
one  canine,  two  premolars,  and  one  molar.  (Plate 

I.,    B.) 

The  dental  formula  would  be  :  i.  -|,  c.  \,  pm.  f, 
m.f 

1 8.  The  Hy old  Arch,  which  passes  from  the  un- 
der side  of  the  skull  to  the  top  of  the  larynx.  It 
is  composed  of  a  body  and  a  pair  of  anterior  and 
posterior  horns.  The  body  of  the  hyoid  is 
formed  by  a  single  bone,  the  basi-hyal,  which 
forms  the  front  part  of  the  upper  border  of  the 
larynx.  Each  posterior  horn  extends  around  the 
upper  margin  of  the  larynx,  and  is  composed  of 
the  thyro-hyal  bone.  Each  anterior  horn  is  com- 
posed of  the  cerato-hyal,  epi-hyal,  and  stylo-hyal 
bones,  and  the  tympano-hyal  cartilage,  which 
unites  with  the  skull.  '(Plate  I.,  c.) 

B. — Vertebral  Column. 

The  Vertebral  or  Spinal  Column  is  composed  of 
seven  cervical,  thirteen  dorsal,  seven  lumbar,  three 
sacral,  and  twenty-two  caudal  vertebrae.  Each  ver- 
tebra is  composed  of  a  body  and  a  neural  arch 
enclosing  a  neural  canal  and  bears  on  either  side 
a  transverse  process  and  dorsally  a  neural  process. 
Between  adjoining  vertebrae,  on  each  side,  there  is 


SKELETON  9 

an  intcrvertcbral  foramen  which  permits  the  pas- 
sage of  blood-vessels  and  nerves  to  and  from  the 
neural  canal. 

1.  The  Cervical  Vertebrae  form  the  skeleton  of  the 
neck.     The  most    anterior  cervical  vertebra,   the 
atlas,  is  somewhat  modified  to  support  the  skull. 
It  bears  on  its  anterior  side  two  concave  articular 
surfaces  which  receive  the  condyles  of  the  skull. 
Its   transverse  processes  form    two  wing-like  ex- 
pansions.    (Plate  I.,  D.)     The  second  cervical  ver- 
tebra, the  axis,  is  also  modified.     It  bears  at  its 
anterior  end  a  pivot,  the  odontoid  process,  on  which 
the    atlas   turns.     The    odontoid    process  is  mor- 
phologically the  body  of  the  atlas.     (Plate  I.,  E.) 
Each    of   the   six    anterior   cervical  vertebrae   are 
pierced  by  two  foramina,  one  on  either  side  of  the 
neural  canal. 

2.  The  Dorsal  Vertebrae  are  characterized  by  the 
great    development  of   their  posteriorly  -  directed 
neural  processes.     (Plate  I.,  G.) 

3.  The  Lumbar  Vertebrae  are  larger,  with  well -de- 
veloped transverse  processes  and  anteriorly-directed 
neural  processes.     (Plate  L,  H.) 

4.  The   Sacral  Vertebrae   are    more   or  less   com- 
pletely united  together  and  serve  for  the  attach- 
ment of  the  pelvis. 

5.  The  Caudal  Vertebrae  gradually  become  smaller 
and  their  processes  reduced.     Certain  of  the  cau- 
dal vertebras  bear  beneath  their  anterior  ventral 
surface  small  chevron  bones.     (Plate  L,  i.) 


IO  DISSECTION   OF  THE   CAT 

C—  Ribs. 

The  Ribs  form  the  bony  framework  of  the 
thorax.  There  are  thirteen  pairs,  articulating  dor- 
sally  with  the  vertebral  column.  The  nine  an- 
terior pairs  or  trite  ribs  are  connected  with  the 
sternum  by  costal  cartilages.  The  four  posterior 
pairs  or  false  ribs  are  not  united  to  the  sternum. 
(Plate  I.,  j.) 

D. — Sternum. 

The  Sternum  is  the  chain  of  bones  forming  the 
ventral  support  of  the  cartilages  of  the  ribs.  It 
consists  of  eight  or  nine  bones  (sterhebrse),  of 
which  the  most  anterior  is  the  manubrium.  Pos- 
teriorly the  sternum  ends  in  the  ensiform  carti- 
lage, which  is  more  or  less  expanded  and  extends 
freely  backward.  (Plate  I.,  K.) 

APPENDICULAR   SKELETON. 

A. — Shoulder-girdle  and  Fore-leg. 

1.  The  Clavicle  is  the  small  bone  which  does  not 
articulate  with  any  of  the  bones  of  the  body,  but 
is  imbedded  in  the  muscles  of  the  anterior  part  of 
the  shoulder.      (Plate  I.,  L.) 

2.  The  Scapula  or  shoulder-blade  is  the  triangu- 
lar bone  which  lies  against  the  side  of  the  thorax. 
Its  dorsal  edge  is  the  vertebral  margin,  its  ventral 
edge  is  the  axillary   margin.      Its   outer  side   is 
divided  by  a  longitudinal  ridge  of  bone,  the  spine, 


SKELETON  1 1 

into  a  supra-  and  infra-spinous  fossa.  Ante- 
riorly the  spine  bears  two  processes,  the  anteriorly- 
directed  acromion  process  and  the  posteriorly- 
directed  mctacromion  process.  The  concave  inner 
surface  of  the  scapula  forms  the  subscapular  fossa. 
Anteriorly  the  scapula  ends  in  a  concave  articular 
surface,  the  glenoid  cavity.  The  corocoid  process 
is  a  curved  projection  extending  from  the  anterior 
edge  of  the  glenoid  cavity.  (Plate  I.,  M.) 

3.  The  Humerus  is  the  uppermost  and  largest  of 
the  bones  of  the  fore-leg.     At  its  proximal  end 
the  humerus  has  two  prominences,  of  which  the 
outer  and  larger  is  the  greater  tuberosity,  the  inner 
and  smaller  is  the  lesser  tuberosity.      Between  the 
two  tuberosities  is  a  rounded  surface  for  articula- 
tion with  the  scapula,  known  as  the  head  of  the 
humerus.     Along  the  anterior  side  of  the  upper 
part  of  the   shaft   of   the   humerus   is   a   slightly 
roughened  elevation,  the  deltoid  ridge.     The  supra- 
condyloid  foramen  is  an  elongated  opening  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  humerus.     The  olecranon  fossa 
is  a  deep  depression  on  the  posterior  side  of  the  hu- 
merus just  above  its  articular  surface.     (Plate  I.,  N.) 

4.  The  Ulna  and  Radius  are  the  two  bones  which 
articulate  with  the  humerus  at  its  distal  end.     The 
ulna  is  the  larger  and    has  a  prominent  process, 
the   olecranon,  extending    beyond   its   articulation 
with   the   humerus.       Below  its   articulation   with 
the  humerus  is  the  smaller  cor  onoid  process,  which 
articulates  with  the  radius.     (Plate  I.,  o.  and  p.) 


12  DISSECTION    OF   THE   CAT 

5.  The  Carpal  Bones  are  the  seven    small  bones 
arranged    in  two  tranverse   rows  below   the  ulna 
and  radius. 

6.  The    Metacarpals    extend    distally    from    the 
carpals ;  they  are  five  in  number  and  are  consider- 
ably elongated. 

/.  The  Phalanges  are  the  bones  of  the  toes.  Each 
toe,  with  the  exception  of  the  innermost  ZK  pollex, 
has  three  phalanges.  The  pollex  has  only  two. 

B. — Pelvic-girdle  and  Hind-leg. 

i.  The  Pelvis  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  two 
innominate  bones  ;  it  forms  a  bony  arch  to  which 
the  hind  limbs  are  articulated.  The  long  upper 
portion  of  the  pelvis,  extending  from  the  articula- 
tion with  the  sacrum  to  the  acetabulum,  or  socket 
for  the  articulation  of  the  bone  of  the  thigh,  is  the 
ilium.  The  upper  anterior  convex  border  of  the 
ilium  is  the  crest.  The  portion  of  the  innominate 
bone  extending  backward  from  the  acetabulum 
and  forming  the  upper  and  hinder  margin  of  a 
large  oval  opening,  the  obturator  foramen,  is  the 
ischium.  The  blunt  process  at  the  posterior  an- 
gle of  the  ischium  is  the  tuber  osity.  The  remain- 
ing portion  of  the  innominate  bone,  extending 
from  the  acetabulum  toward  the  mid-ventral  line, 
where  it  unites  with  its  fellow  of  the  opposite  side, 
is  \\\e  pubis.  The  line  of  union  of  the  two  pubes 
is  the  symphysis pubis.  (Plate  I.,  Q.) 


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SKELETON  13 

2.  The  Femur  is  the  bone  of  the  thigh.     It  has 
a  rounded   head,  which  rests  in   the  acetabulum. 
External  to  the  head  of  the  femur  is  a  rough  ele- 
vation,  the  great  trochanter.      On  the  posterior 
side  of  the  femur  is  a  rough  line  for  the  attach- 
ment of  muscles,  the  linea  aspera.     On  the  poste- 
rior side  of  the  lower  end  of  the  femur  are  two 
rounded  articular  elevations,  the  external  and  in- 
ternal condyles.     The  patella  or  knee-pan   is  the 
small  oval  bone  which  is  imbedded  in  the  tendon 
on  the  anterior  side  of  the  lower  end  of  the  fe- 
mur.    (Plate  I.,  R.) 

3.  The  Tibia  and  Fibula  are  the  two  bones  of  the 
leg  next  below  the  femur.     The  tibia  is  the  larger 
bone,  and  has  at  its  upper  end  two  articular  sur- 
faces which  receive  the   condyles  of  the    femur. 
On  either  side  of  these  two  surfaces  are  two  pro- 
jections,  the   external  and    internal  tiiberosities, 
(Plate  I.,  s  and  T.) 

4.  The  Tarsal  Bones  are  the  seven  bones  of  the 
ankle.    The  one  with  which  the  tibia  articulates  is 
the  astragalus.     The  largest  of  the  tarsal  bones, 
the  bone  of  the  heel,  is  the  calcaneiim. 

5.  The  Metatarsals  are  five  bones  which  articu- 
late with  the  tarsals.     The  four  external  ones  are 
long  and  well-developed  ;  the  inner  one  is  very 
small  and  rudimentary. 

6.  The   Phalanges   are    the    bones   of   the    toes. 
There  are  three  in  each  of  the  four  toes.     The  in- 
nermost metatarsal  or  hallux  has  no  phalanges. 


CHAPTER   II 
VISCERA 


ABDOMINAL   VISCERA 

Make  a  median  incision  through  the  skin  and 
muscles  from  the  sternum  to  the  symphysis 
pubis. 

1.  The  Peritoneum  is  the  thin,  shining  membrane 
lining  the  abdominal  cavity.      It  is  reflected  over 
the  viscera. 

2.  The  Great  Omentum  is  the  apron-like  fold  of 
the  peritoneum  which  hangs  down  from  the  stom- 
ach and  covers  the  viscera.     It  always  contains 
more  or  less  fat. 

A. — Alimentary  Canal. 

1.  The  (Esophagus  passes  from  the  mouth  to  the 
stomach.     Its  posterior  end  may  be  seen  piercing 
the  diaphragm  by  pressing  aside  the  lobes  of  the 
liver. 

2.  The   Stomach  is  the  enlargement  of  the  ali- 
mentary  canal   immediately  posterior  to  the  dia- 
phragm and  behind  the  lobes  of  the  liver. 

The  Fundus  is  the  portion  of  the  stomach  which 
lies  to  the  left  of  the  entrance  of  the  oesophagus. 


VISCERA  15 

The  Pylorus  is  that  part  of  the  stomach  which 
opens  into  the  intestine. 

The  part  of  the  stomach  lying  to  the  left  is 
called  the  cardiac  portion  ;  that  to  the  right  the 
pyloric  portion  ;  the  anterior  margin  is  the  lesser 
curvature ;  the  posterior  margin  is  the  greater 
curvature. 

The  stomach  is  lined  with  mucous  niembrane, 
which  is  thrown  into  folds  at  the  cardiac  end. 

3.  The    Small  Intestine  is  the    convoluted    tube 
which  leaves  the  stomach  at  the  pyloric  end.     The 
U-shaped  portion  immediately  succeeding  the  py- 
lorus is  the  duodenum.     The  jejunum  is  the  direct 
continuation  which  runs  a  short  distance  to  the 
right.       The    remaining  convoluted    mass   is   the 
ileum,    which    terminates   at    the    junction    with 
the  large  intestine.     The  fold  of  the  peritoneum 
which  suspends  the  intestines  from  the  body  wall 
is  the  mesentery.     Blood-vessels,  nerves,  and  lym- 
phatics pass  to  the  intestine  between  its  two  lay- 
ers. 

The  mucous  membrane  which  lines  the  small 
intestine  is  raised  into  a  number  of  closely-set  fila- 
ments, called  villi. 

4.  The  Large  Intestine  is  the  remaining  large  and 
less  convoluted  portion  of  the  alimentary  canal. 
It   passes   forward,   from  the   junction   with    the 
ileum,  as  the  ascending  colon,  across  to  the  left  as 
the  transverse  colon,  and  backward  as  the  descend- 
ing colon,  ending  in  a  terminal  portion  called  the 


1 6  DISSECTION    OF   THE   CAT 

rectum.  The  rectum  lies  in  the  pelvis  and  opens 
to  the  exterior  through  the  anus.  The  rounded 
diverticulum  of  the  large  intestine  which  projects 
beyond  the  point  where  the  small  intestine  opens 
is  the  ccecum. 

The  mucous  membrane  lining  the  large  intes- 
tine is  smooth  throughout. 

B. — Appendicular   Organs  of   the  Alimentary 

Canal. 

1.  The  Pancreas  is  the  long,  pinkish  body  lying 
in  the  curve  of  the  duodenum.     The  pancreas  has 
two  ducts  opening  into  the  intestine  ;  one  in  con- 
nection with  the  bile-duct,  the  other  about  an  inch 
farther  back. 

2.  The  Liver  is  the  large,  lobulated,  red  body 
lying  immediately  behind   the  diaphragm.      It  is 
suspended  from  the  diaphragm  by  a  fold  of  the 
peritoneum,  \k&  falciform  ligament,  which  divides 
the  liver  into  a  right  and  left  portion.     These  are 
usually  subdivided  into  the  following  lobes,  but 
are  subject  to  variation  : 

a.  The  rig  Jit  central  lobe  lies  against  the  right 
side    of    the    diaphragm.       It    encloses   the  gall- 
bladder. 

b.  The   right  lateral  lobe  lies  posterior  to   the 
right  central  lobe. 

c.  The  caudate  lobe  lies  on  the  posterior  side  of 
the  right  lateral  lobe  and  extends    backward  to 
the  kidney. 


VISCERA  I/ 

d.  The  Spigelian  lobe  is  the  smallest  lobe  of  the 
liver.     It  lies  in  the  mid-line  and  extends  into  the 
small  curvature  of  the  stomach. 

e.  The  left  central  lobe  is  small  and  lies  against 
the  left  side  of  the  diaphragm. 

f.  The  left  lateral  lobe  is  large  and  lies  between 
the  left  central  lobe  and  the  stomach. 

The  gall-bladder  is  a  thin-walled  sac  which  lies 
in  a  groove  of  the  right  central  lobe.  Its  duct, 
called  the  cystic  duct,  unites  with  those  from  the 
liver  and  opens  into  the  duodenum  in  connection 
with  one  of  the  pancreatic  ducts. 

3.  The  numerous  Lymph  Glands  are  distributed 
between  the  layers  of  the  mesentery.  Several  are 
found  in  the  angle  between  the  caecum  and  the 
small  intestine  and  are  known  as  the  pancreas 
Asselli. 

The  anal  glands  are  two  oval  bodies  imbedded 
in  the  tissue  beneath  the  skin  on  either  side  of  the 
anus. 

The  Spleen  is  the  long  red  body  lying  on  the 
left  side,  near  the  stomach.  It  is  suspended  in  the 
omentum. 

C. — Urinary  System. 

i.  The  Kidneys  are  the  pair  of  large  dark-red 
bodies  of  characteristic  shape  lying  on  the  dorsal 
wall  of  the  abdominal  cavity.  On  the  side  of  the 
kidney  toward  the  mid-line  there  is  a  marked  con- 


1 8  DISSECTION   OF  THE   CAT 

cavity  or  hihis.     The  kidneys  lie  outside  of  the 
peritoneum. 

If  the  kidney  be  cut  horizontally  through  its 
long  axis  it  will  be  found  to  consist  of  two  layers, 
the  cortical  and  the  medullary.  The  outer,  corti- 
cal portion  is  of  lighter  color,  the  medullary  por- 
tion is  darker  and  is  arranged  in  a  conical  mass  or 
pyramid  which  projects  into  the  cavity  or  pelvis 
of  the  kidney. 

2.  The  Ureter  is  the  tube  which  passes  backward 
from  the  hilus  of  the  kidney  to  the  dorsal  wall  of 
the  bladder. 

3.  The  Bladder  is  a  muscular  sac  lying  near  the 
symphysis  pubis.     It  receives  the  ureters  obliquely 
in  its  dorsal  surface   and  opens   to  the  exterior 
through  the  urethra. 

The  Adrenal  Bodies  are  two  'Small  whitish  bodies 
which  lie  internal  to  the  anterior  portion  of  each 
kidney.  They  are  imbedded  in  fat. 

D. — Reproductive  System. 

//  will  be  necessary  to  cut  away  the  symphysis 
pubis  in  order  to  trace  fully  the  reproductive 
system. 

MALE. 

i.  The  Testes  are  the  essential  male  organs  cor- 
responding to  the  ovaries  of  the  female.  They 
are  situated  in  a  pouch,  the  scrotal  sac,  lying  pos- 
terior to  the  symphysis  pubis.  If  the  scrotal  sac 


VISCERA  IQ 

is  removed,  the  testes  will  be  seen  as  two  oval 
bodies  enveloped  in  a  sheath  of  peritoneum,  the 
tunica  vaginalis,  within  which  is  a  white  fibrous 
membrane  of  connective  tissue,  the  tunica  albu- 
ginca. 

2.  The  Epididymis  is  a  convoluted  mass  of  tubes 
which  lies  external  to  the  tunica  albuginea.     The 
enlarged  portion  at  the  anterior  end  is  the  caput 
epididymis  ;  it  is  connected  with  the  testis  by  cer- 
tain ducts.     The  posterior  narrow  portion  is  the 
cauda  epididymis,  which  at  the  posterior  end  of 
the  testis  is  continued  as  the  vas  deferens. 

3.  The  Vas  Deferens  is  the  continuation  of  the 
canal  of  the  epididymis  ;  it  passes  upward  from  the 
testis  along  with   the  spermatic  artery  and  vein. 
These  together  form  the  spermatic  cord  and  are 
enclosed  in  a  common  sheath.     The  vas  deferens 
passes  forward  through  an  oblique  opening  in  the 
abdominal  wall,  the  inguinal  canal,  bends  around 
the  neck  of  the  bladder,  and  enters  the  dorsal  sur- 
face of  the  urethra  to  form  the  urino-genital  canal. 

4.  The  Prostate  Gland  is  the  glandular  mass  sur- 
rounding the  urethra  at  the  point  of  entrance  of 
the  vasa  deferentia. 

5.  Cowper's  Glands   are  the  two  glands,   one   on 
each  side  of  the  urino-genital  canal,  just  beyond 
the  prostate. 

6.  The  Penis  is  the  conical  pointed  organ  sus- 
pended from  the  wall  of  the  abdomen  by  a  fold  of 
the  integument.     It  is  composed  of  a  median  ven- 


2O  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

tral  mass,  the  corpus  spongiosum,  and  two  latero- 
dorsal  masses,  the  corpora  cavernosa.  It  has  at 
its  extremity  the  external  orifice  of  the  urine-geni- 
tal canal.  The  distal  end  of  the  penis  is  formed 
by  an  expansion  of  the  corpus  spongiosum,  the 
glans,  which  is  covered  by  a  fold  of  the  integu- 
ment, the  prepuce.  The  corpora  cavernosa  diverge 
anteriorly,  forming  the  crura  penis,  and  are  at- 
tached to  the  ischia.  In  the  distal  portion  of  the 
penis,  just  over  the  urino-genital  canal,  is  a  small 
bone,  the  os  penis. 

FEMALE. 

1.  The  Ovaries  are  a  pair  of  small,  pinkish  bodies 
suspended  by  a  fold  of  peritoneum  from  the  dor- 
sal wall  of  the  abdominal  cavity,  just  posterior  to 
the  kidneys. 

2.  The  Fallopian  Tubes  are  the  two  small  ducts 
whose  fimbriated  ends  partially  grasp  the  ovaries. 

3.  The  Uterus  is  formed  by  the  immediate  ex- 
pansion of   the    Fallopian  tubes.     It    consists  of 
two  horns  which  meet  in  the  mid-line  to  form  the 
body  of  the  uteriis. 

4.  The  Vagina  is  the  posterior  continuation  of  the 
body  of  the  uterus  and  opens  into  the  vestibule. 

5.  The  Vestibule  or  Urino-genital  Canal  is  the  canal 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  urethra  and  vagina. 

6.  The  Clitoris  is  a  small  papilla  lying  on   the 
ventral  wall  of  the  vestibule.     It  is  homologous 
with  the  penis  of  the  male. 


VISCERA  21 


THORACIC   VISCERA. 

Remove  the  skin  from  the  anterior  part  of  the 
thorax,  and  cut  away  the  ribs  and  sternum. 

1.  The  Pleurae  are  the  membranes  which  line  the 
two  sides  of  the  thorax  .and  are  reflected  over  the 
lungs   and   great    blood  -  vessels.     They    meet  in 
the   mid-line  and  form    a   double-walled   septum, 
the  mediastinum.     The  anterior  part  contains  be- 
tween   its    walls   the  heart    and    its  pericardium. 
The  posterior  portion  contains  the  oesophagus  and 
blood-vessels. 

2.  The  Lungs  are  the  pinkish  lobulated  bodies 
lying  on  either  side  in  the  thoracic  cavity.     The 
lungs  normally  fill  the  entire  thoracic  cavity  ex- 
cept that  part  occupied  by  the  heart.     When  the 
thorax  is  opened  they  are  usually  found  collapsed. 
The  right  lung  is  divided  into  four  lobes  and  the 
left  into  two. 

The  lungs  may  be  artificially  inflated  to  better 
demonstrate  the  lobes. 

3.  The  Trachea  may  be  seen,  by  pushing  aside 
the  heart  and  lungs,  as  a  cartilaginous,  annulated 
tube.     This  leads  from  the  pharynx  to  the  base  of 
the  lungs,  where  it  divides  into  two  bronchi,  one 
of  which  goes  to  each  lung  and  there  subdivides 
into  numerous   smaller    bronchi  which   penetrate 
the  various  lobes. 

4.  The  Thymus  Gland  is  the  mass  of  glandular 


22  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

tissue  which  partially  invests  the  trachea  just  an- 
terior to  the  heart.  It  is  of  large  size  during  im- 
maturity, but  atrophies  in  the  adult. 

5.  The  Heart  is  the  muscular  organ  lying  in  the 
centre  of  the  thoracic  cavity.  From  the  anterior 
part  all  of  the  great  blood-vessels  of  the  body 
arise.  The  heart  'is  enclosed  in  a  sac  of  fibrous 
tissue  called  the  pericardium  ;  this  is  filled  with  a 
serous  fluid.  The  heart  consists  of  four  chambers, 
the  two  anterior  called  auricles,  and  the  two  pos- 
terior called  ventricles. 

a.  The  Right  Auricle  occupies  the  anterior  ven- 
tral portion  of  the  heart.     It  consists  of  a  main 
chamber,  the  atriiim,  and  a  lobulated  appendage, 
the  auricular  appendix.      The  right  auricle   re- 
ceives anteriorly  the  superior  vena    cava,   which 
brings  back  blood  from  the  anterior  part  of  the 
body,  and  at  its  posterior  end  the  inferior  vena 
cava,  which  returns  blood  from  the  posterior  part 
of  the  body.     Between  these  two  openings  is  the 
orifice  of  a  small  vein  which  returns  blood  from 
the  walls  of  the  heart  itself,   the  coronary  vein. 
The  right  auricle  opens  into  the  right  ventricle  by 
an  aperture  which  is  guarded  by  three  membra- 
nous flaps,  the  tricuspid  valve.     These  flaps  are  at- 
tached to  muscular  prolongations  of  the  wall  of 
the  ventricle,  the  columns  carnecz,  by  tendinous 
cords,  the  chordcz  tendince. 

b.  The   Right  Ventricle  forms  the  right  ventral 
portion  of  the  heart.     Its  cavity  is  crescentic,  with 


VISCERA  23 

much  thicker  walls  than  those  of  the  auricle.  It 
receives  the  blood  from  the  right  auricle  and 
pumps  it  out  at  its  anterior  end  through  the  pul- 
monary artery.  The  opening  of  this  artery  is 
guarded  by  three  flaps,  the  semilunar  valves. 

c.  The  Left  Auricle  lies  on  the  anterior  dorsal 
side  of  the  heart.     It  receives  at  its  dorsal  end  the 
pulmonary  veins,  usually  two  on  each  side.     The 
left  auricle  opens  into  the  left  ventricle  through 
an  aperture  guarded  by  a  valve  similar  to  the  tri- 
cuspid  but  with  only  two  flaps,  the  mitral  valve. 

d.  The  Left  Ventricle  is  by  far  the  most  muscular 
portion  of  the  heart.     It  occupies  nearly  the  whole 
posterior  portion  of  the  organ.     Its  cavity  is  oval 
and  receives  the '  blood  from  the  left  auricle  and 
forces  it  out  through  the  aorta,  whose  opening  is 
guarded  by  semilunar  valves  similar  to  those  of 
the  pulmonary  artery. 

The  two  coronary  arteries  which  convey  blood 
to  the  heart  itself  lead  from  the  aorta  just  outside 
of  the  semilunar  valves. 

.    VISCERA   OF  THE   HEAD   AND   NECK. 
Remove  the  skin  from  the  head  and  neck. 
A. — Salivary  Glands. 

i.  The  Parotid  Gland,  the  largest  of  the  salivary 
glands,  lies  just  beneath  the  skin  at  the  ventral 
margin  of  the  cartilage  of  the  ear.  Its  duct, 
Stensons  diict,  may  be  seen  as  a  fine  white  canal 


24  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

passing  across  the  large  oval  muscle  on  the  side  of 
the  jaw.  It  penetrates  the  cheek  and  opens  into 
the  mouth  opposite  the  last  premolar  tooth. 

2.  The  Submaxillary  Gland  lies   just    below    the 
parotid  gland  at  the  angle  of   the  mandible,  be- 
neath the  large  jugular  vein.     It  is  smaller  than 
the  last  and  oval  in  shape.      Its  duct,   W hart  on  s 
duct,  runs   forward  beneath   the    facial  vein  and 
opens  on  the  floor  of  the  mouth. 

3.  The  Sublingual  Glands,  two  on  either  side,  lie 
anterior   to   the   submaxillary   gland   and   closely 
connected  with  it,   on   each   side  of   the   jugular 
vein.     They  are  smaller  than  the  submaxillary  but 
of  the  same  general  appearance. 

4.  The  Buccal  Glands  are  a  collection  of  glandular 
tissue  situated  at  the  angle  of  the  mouth. 

5.  The  Zygomatic  Gland  is  situated  in   the  orbit 
beneath  the  eyeball  just  inside  the  anterior  end  of 
the  zygomatic  arch.     It  will  be  seen  if  the  roof 
of  the  mouth  be  cut  through  just  posterior  to  the 
upper  molar  tooth. 

B. — Mouth,  Pharynx,  and  Larynx. 

1.  The  Hard  Palate  forms  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 
It  is  covered  with  mucous    membrane   which   is 
raised  into  a  number  of  transverse  ridges. 

2.  The  Soft  Palate  is  the  posterior  continuatiori 
of  the  hard  palate.     Its  free  edge  hangs  like    a 
transverse  curtain  across  the  posterior  portion  of 


VISCERA  25 

the  cavity  of  the  mouth,  separating  the  oral  and 
the  pharyngeal  cavities. 

3.  The    Tonsils    lie   one  on   either    side   of   the 
opening  leading  from  the  mouth  to  the  pharynx. 
They  are  small  oval  bodies  and  are  partially  em- 
bedded by  lateral  prolongations  of  the  soft  palate. 

4.  The   Tongue   is   a  muscular   organ    attached 
posteriorly  to  the  hyoid  bone  and  for  the  greater 
part  of  its  length  to  the  floor  of  the  mouth.     It  is 
covered  with  a  mucous  membrane,  which  is  smooth 
below   but  above    is   provided    with   three   kinds 
of   papillae.     The    circumvallate  papilla   are    the 
rounded  prominences  situated  in  two  lines  con- 
verging posteriorly  at  the  back  part  of  the  tongue. 
Thzfungiform  papillce  are  smaller  and  more  nu- 
merous, and  are  situated  on  the  side  and  anterior 
portion  of  the  tongue.     ^\\e  filiform  papilla,  the 
most   numerous   of  all,    cover  the  whole   of   the 
upper  surface   of  the  tongue.     They  have  large, 
posteriorly-directed,  horny  points. 

5.  The  Pharynx  is  the  large,  conical  cavity  im- 
mediately behind  and  below  the  soft  palate.     It  is 
the  posterior  continuation  of  the  mouth  cavity. 

6.  The  Posterior  Nares  are  two  openings  into  the 
pharynx,   situated   just  above   the   palate.     They 
pass  forward  into  the  nasal  cavity. 

7.  The   Eustachian  Tubes  are  two  openings  just 
external  to  the  posterior  nares.     Their  canal  places 
the  middle  ear  in  communication  with  the  phar- 
ynx. 


26  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

Cut  away  one  side  of  the  nasal  cavity. 

8.  The    Schneiderian  Membrane    is    the    mucous 
membrane   which    covers    the   upper    turbinated 
bones.     It  is  somewhat  darker  in  color  than  the 
rest  of  the  nasal  membrane,  and  contains  the  end 
organs  of  the  olfactory  nerves. 

9.  The  (Esophagus  is  the  posterior  continuation 
of   the  pharynx.     It    is  a   collapsed,   fleshy  tube 
which  passes  to  the  stomach,  as  already  seen. 

10.  The  Glottis  is  the  slit-like  opening  situated 
on  the  floor  of  the  pharynx.     It  is  guarded  by 
two  fleshy  folds,  the  false  vocal  cords,  and  by  an 
anteriorly-placed  triangular  cartilaginous  lobe,  the 
epiglottis.      This    organ    completely    covers    the 
opening  during  the  act  of  swallowing.     The  glot- 
tis opens  below  into  the  larynx. 

1 1.  The  Larynx  is  the  cartilaginous  box  forming 
the   anterior   expanded    portion    of    the   trachea. 
(Plate  I.,  c.)     It  is  composed    of   the  following 
pieces  : 

•  The  epiglottis  is  the  triangular  cartilaginous 
flap  covering  the  glottis  anteriorly. 

The  thyroid  cartilage  is  the  largest  of  all,  and 
forms  the  anterior  border  of  the  larynx. 

The  arytenoids  are  the  two  small  cartilages 
lying  one  on  either  side  of  the  mid-line,  on  the 
dorsal  side  just  below  the  thyroid. 

The  cricoid  is  the  ring-shaped  cartilage  lying 
below  the  arytenoids  and  thyroid.  It  has  the  ap- 


VISCERA  27 

pearance  of  being  the  modified  uppermost  carti- 
lage of  the  trachea. 

1 2.  The  Vocal  Cords  are  two  membranous  folds 
lying  one  on  each  side  immediately  below  the  false 
vocal  cords. 

13.  The  Trachea  is  the  canal  leading  posteriorly 
from  the  larynx  to  the  lungs,  as  already  seen.     It 
is  kept  expanded  at  all  times  by  numerous  cartilag- 
inous rings  which  give  it  a  characteristic  appear- 
ance.    (Plate  I.,  c.) 

14.  The   Thyroid  Glands   are  two   small,  reddish 
bodies  situated  on  either  side  of  the  trachea,  just 
posterior  to  the  larynx. 


CHAPTER  III 

MUSCLES 

Remove  the  skin  and  dissect  away  the  fat  and  tis- 
sue covering  the  muscles. 

A  thin  layer  of  muscular  fibres  covers  the  neck, 
thorax,  and  abdomen,  immediately  below  the 
skin.  The  portion  upon  the  neck  is  known  as 
the  platysma  myoides.  These  muscles  will  be 
seen  as  numerous  delicate  fibres,  which  remain  at- 
tached to  the  skin  when  it  is  removed. 

MUSCLES   OF  THE    ABDOMEN. 

i.  The  External  Oblique  Muscle  is  a  thin,  flat  mus- 
cle, arising  by  digitations  from  the  eight  posterior 
ribs  and  the  lumbar  fascia.  Its  fibres  run  obliquely 
backward  toward  the  mid-ventral  line,  and  end  in 
a  thin,  broad  aponeurosis,  which  unites  with  its 
fellow  of  the  opposite  side.  A  mid-ventral  white 
line,  the  linea  alba,  indicates  the  union  of  the 
aponeuroses  of  the  muscles  of  the  two  sides.  The 
posterior  fibres  of  the  muscle  are  inserted  along 
the  brim  of  the  pelvis.  A  band  of  delicate  fascia, 
Poitparfs  ligament,  extends  from  the  symphysis 
pubis  to  the  anterior  part  of  the  ventral  margin  of 
the  ilium.  Between  Poupart's  ligament  and  the 


MUSCLES  29 

tendon  of  the  external  oblique  muscle  is  an  aper- 
ture, the  inguinal  canal,  through  which,  in  the  male, 
passes  the  spermatic  cord.  (Plates  II.  and  IV.) 

2.  The  Internal  Oblique  Muscle    lies  immediately 
under  the  external  oblique,  from  which  it  must  be 
separated.     It  is  also  a  thin,  muscular  sheet,  aris- 
ing from  the  lumbar  fascia,  the  ventral  margin  of 
the  ilium,  and  the  pubis.     The  fibres  run  obliquely 
forward  toward  the  mid-ventral  line,  where  they 
unite  with  those  of  the  opposite  side  in  a  thin 
aponeurosis.      The   more   anterior   fibres   are   in- 
serted on  the  cartilages  of  the  ribs.     (Plate  III.) 

3.  The  Rectus  Abdominis  Muscle  is  a  long,  narrow 
muscle,   arising   from  the   symphysis   pubis.       It 
runs  forward,  with  its  fellow  of  the  opposite  side, 
to  its  insertion  on  the  first,  second,  and  third  ribs. 
The  fibres  of  the  rectus  abdominis  are  intercepted 
at  intervals  by  transverse  tendons,   making  it  a 
true  "  polygastric  muscle."     Posteriorly  the  rectus 
abdominis  muscle  lies  dorsal-  to  the  aponeuroses 
of  the  external  and  internal  oblique  muscles,  but 
anteriorly  it  lies  between  the  aponeuroses  of  these 
muscles.    .(Plates  III.  and  IV.) 

4.  The  Transversalis  Abdominis  Muscle,  the  most 
internal  of  the  abdominal  muscles,  is  a  very  thin, 
muscular  sheet.     It  arises  from  the  cartilages  of 
the  posterior  ribs,  the  lumbar  fascia,  and  the  ven- 
tral margin  of  the  ilium.      Its  fibres  run  trans- 
versely and  end  in  an  aponeurosis  beneath  the  rec- 
tus abdominis.     (Plate  IV.) 


30  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

5.  The  Diaphragm  is  the  musculo-tendinous  par- 
tition separating  the  abdominal  and  thoracic  cav- 
ities. The  muscular  portion  of  the  diaphragm  at 
its  circumference  arises  ventrally  from  the  ensi- 
form  cartilage,  laterally  from  the  last  five  ribs  and 
the  aponeuroses  of  the  muscles  of  the  back,  and 
dorsally  from  the  bodies  of  the  lumbar  vertebrae 
by  two  thick  slips  or  critra.  From  all  these 
points  the  fibres  converge,  to  end  in  the  central 
tendon.  The  diaphragm  is  pierced  by  the  oesoph- 
agus, aorta,  and  inferior  vena  cava. 

MUSCLES   OF  THE  THORAX. 

i.  The  Pectoralis  Muscle  is  a  very  large  triangular 
muscle,  having  its  origin  on  the  sternum  and  the 
cartilages  of  the  ribs  and  its  insertion  on  the  hume- 
rus.  It  is  made  up  of  the  following  five  por- 
tions : 

a.  A   long,   narrow,  superficial    division  which 
arises  beneath  the  manubrium  and  the  cartilages 
of  the  first  two  ribs.     Part  of  this  is  inserted  in 
the  fascia  of  the  fore-leg,  and  part  of  it  joins  one 
of    the    shoulder    muscles,    the    cep halo-humeral. 
(Plates  III.  and  IV.) 

b.  The  largest   division  arises  from  the  manu- 
brium and  anterior  third  of  the  sternum,  and  is  in- 
serted on  the  outer  side  of  the  deltoid  ridge  of 
the  humerus.     (Plate  IV.) 

c.  Another  division  arises  from  the  sternum,  be- 
tween the  cartilages  of  the  second  and  sixth  ribs. 


MUSCLES  31 

It  is  inserted  into  the  head  of  the  humerus.     (Plate 
IV.) 

d.  The  posterior  division  takes  its  origin  from 
the  sternum,  between  the  cartilages  of  the  fifth  and 
eighth  ribs,  and  is  inserted  principally  on  the  inner 
side  of  the  deltoid  ridge  of  the  humerus.     (Plate 
IV.) 

e.  The  smallest  and   most  anterior  part   arises 
from  the  side  of  the  manubrium  and  is  inserted  on 
the  humerus  just  above  the  insertion  of  b,  from 
which  it  can  be  separated  with   difficulty.     This 
division  also  sends  some  fibres  to  the  clavicle. 

To  expose  the  remaining  muscles  of  the  thorax  the 
pectoralis  group  must  be  reflected. 

2.  The  Sternalis  Muscle  is  a  small  triangular  mus- 
cle arising  from  the  fascia  of  the  rectus  abdominis, 
at  the  point  where  the  cartilages  of  the  third  and 
fourth    ribs  unite  with    the    sternum.      Its   fibres 
pass  forward  and  outward  and  are  inserted  on  the 
first  rib.     A  second,  smaller,  sternalis  muscle  lies 
just  outside  the  rectus  abdominis,  at  the  level  of 
the  sixth  rib.     (Plates  III.  and  IV.) 

3.  The  Scalenus  Primus  Muscle  is  long  and  narrow. 
It  takes  its  origin  from  the  fourth  and  fifth  cervi- 
cal vertebrae,  and  .is  inserted  on  the  cartilages  of 
the  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  ribs.     (Plates  III.  and 
IV.) 

4.  The  Scalenus  Secundus  Muscle  lies  deeper  than 
the  last.     It  takes  its  origin  from  the  transverse 


32  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

processes  of  the  third,  fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  and  sev- 
enth cervical  vertebrae,  and  is  inserted  on  the  first 
rib.  (Plates  III.  and  IV.) 

5.  The  External  Intercostal  Muscles  are  the  outer 
muscular  layers  extending  between  the  bony  ribs. 
Their  fibres  run  backward  and  downward.     (Plates 
III.  and  IV.) 

6.  The   Internal  Intercostals    are   muscular  sheets 
lying  under  the  former,  their  fibres  running  back- 
ward and  upward.     They  are  covered  by  the  ex- 
ternal  intercostals,  except  between  the  cartilagi- 
nous ribs.     (Plate  III.) 

7.  The  Serratus  Posticus  Muscle   arises   from   the 
fascia  of  the  mid-dorsal  line,  and  is  inserted  by 
digitations  on  the  eighth,  ninth,  tenth,  eleventh, 
and  twelfth  ribs.     A  dense  membrane,  the  verte- 
bral aponcurosis,  is  continuous  with  the  muscle  an- 
teriorly.    This  membrane  passes  forward  between 
the  muscles  of  the  back  and  those  of  the  shoulder, 
and  covers  over  the  erector  spincz  muscles,  which 
fill  the  groove  on  either  side  of  the  neural  proc- 
esses of  the  vertebrae.     (Plate  III.) 

MUSCLES   OF  THE   FORE-LEG   AND   SHOULDER. 

i.  The  Cephalo-humeral  or  Anterior  Trapezius  Muscle 
takes  its  origin  from  the  back  of  the  skull  and  the 
mid-dorsal  line  of  the  neck.  It  is  very  long  and 
passes  downward,  covering  the  anterior  part  of 
the  fore-leg,  to  its  insertion  on  the  coronoid  proc- 


MUSCLES  33 

ess  of  the  ulna.  The  clavicle  is  attached  to  the 
under  side  of  this  muscle,  in  front  of  the  shoulder- 
joint.  Just  before  the  cephalo-humeral  is  inserted 
on  the  ulna,  it  receives  fibres  from  the  first  divis- 
ion of  the  pectoralis.  (Plates  II.  and  IV.) 

2.  The  Middle  Trapezius  Muscle  arises  along  the 
mid-dorsal  line,  immediately  posterior  to  the  origin 
of  the  cephalo-humeral.     Its  fibres  converge  to  their 
insertion  upon  the  spine  of  the  scapula.    (Plate  II.) 

3.  The  Posterior  Trapezius  Muscle    arises    a  little 
posterior  to  the  origin   of  the    middle   trapezius, 
along  the  mid-dorsal  line,  above  the  neural  proc- 
esses of  the  thoracic  vertebrae.      It  is  inserted  on 
the  spine  of  the  scapula,  above  the  insertion  of  the 
middle  trapezius.     (Plate  II.) 

4.  The  Latissimus  Dorsi  is  the  very  broad  muscle 
covering  a  great  part  of  the  dorsal  portion  of  the 
abdomen  and  thorax.      It  takes  its  origin  from  the 
neural  processes  of  the  last  nine  dorsal  vertebrae, 
and  by  fascia  from  the  neural   processes  of   the 
lumbar  vertebrae.     Its  fibres  converge  anteriorly, 
and,  blending  with  the  adjacent  fibres  of  the  pos- 
terior division   of  the   pectoralis  muscle,   are    in- 
serted, together   with    another   muscle,  the    teres 
major,  by  a  flat  tendon,  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
shaft  of  the  humerus.     The  insertion  is  just  below 
the  lesser  tuberosity.     (Plates  II.  and  IV.) 

5.  The  Cleido-mastoid  is  a  narrow  strip  of  muscle 
arising  from  the  clavicle    and    extending   to    the 
mastoid  process.     (Plates  II.  and  IV.) 

3 


34  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

Reflect  the  cep halo-humeral  and  the  middle  and 
posterior  trapezius  muscles. 

6.  The   Rhomboideus  Major   is   the   broad  muscle 
which  arises  from  the  neural  processes  of  the  six 
posterior  cervical  and  the  anterior  dorsal  vertebrae. 
It    is   inserted    on    the   vertebral    margin    of   the 
scapula.     (Plate  III.) 

7.  The  Rhomboideus  Capitis  is  a  narrow  muscular 
band  lying  along  the  anterior  margin  of  the  rhom- 
boideus  major.     Its  origin  is  on  the   lambdoidal 
ridge  of  the  skull  and  its  insertion  is  on  the  verte- 
bral margin  of  the  scapula,  just  in  front  of  the 
insertion    of    the    rhomboideus    major.       (Plate 

HI')       (^M-tJfev.    ^«o^«4**   -^VW^AAdi^  J 

8.  The  Levator  Claviculae  is  a  long,  narrow  muscle 
which  arises  from  the  transverse  process   of   the 
atlas,  and  is  inserted  on  the  metacromion  process  of 
the  scapula.     (Plate  II.) 

9.  The  Spino-deltoid  Muscle  takes  its  origin  from 
the  spine  of  the  scapula,  opposite  the  insertion  of 
the  middle  trapezius  muscle.     Its  fibres  run  down 
to   unite   with   those    of    the    following   muscle. 
Both    are    inserted    on  the  deltoid   ridge    of   the 
humerus.     (Plates  II.  and  III.) 

10.  The  Acromio-deltoid  Muscle  is  similar  in  shape 
to  the  spino-deltoid   muscle.      It  arises  from  both 
the  acromion  and  metacromion  processes,  and  also 
from  the  intervening  portion  of  the  spine  of  the 
scapula.     It  is  inserted,  together  with  the  spino- 


MUSCLES  35 

deltoid  muscle,  on    the  deltoid  ridge  of  the  hu- 
merus.     (Plates  II.  and  III.) 

1 1.  The  Epitrochlear  is  a  small  muscle,  varying  in 
shape,  size,  and  position.     It  arises  partly  from  the 
fascia  of  the  scapula,  just  below  the  insertion  of  the 
posterior  trapezius,  and  partly  by  muscular  fibres 
from  a  subjacent  muscle,  the  latissimus  dorsi.     It 
is  inserted   by  fascia   on   the    inner  side   of   the 
olecranon  process  of  the  ulna.     (Plate  II.) 

Reflect  the  deltoid  and  levator  claviculcz  muscles. 

12.  The  Supraspinatus  is  the  large,  thick  muscle 
which  fills  the  entire  supraspinous  fossa   of   the 
scapula  and  projects  considerably  over  its  anterior 
border.     Its  fibres  origiriate  from  the  entire  fossa, 
the  anterior  side  of  the  spine  of  the  scapula,'  and 
the  acromion  process.      They  are    inserted   by   a 
strong  tendon    into   the  great   tuberosity  of   the 
humerus.     (Plates  III.  and  IV.) 

13.  The  Infraspinatus  Muscle  occupies  the  infra- 
spinous  fossa  of  the  scapula.      Its  fibres  arise  from 
the  whole  fossa,  the  posterior  side  of  the  spine  of 
the  scapula,  and  the  acromion  and  metacromion 
processes.     They  converge  into  a  strong  tendon, 
which  is  inserted  on  the  outer  side  of  the  great 
tuberosity  of  the  humerus,  beside  the  insertion  of 
the  supraspinatus  muscle.     (Plate  III.) 

14.  The    Teres  Major    is    a   thick    muscle    lying 
along  the  posterior  margin  of  the  scapula.     It  has 
its  origin  on  the  upper  third  of  the  axillary  border 


36  DISSECTION    OF   THE    CAT 

of  the  scapula,  and  is  inserted,  together  with  the 
latissimus  dorsi,  by  a  flat  tendon,  on  the  humerus, 
just  below  the  lesser  tuberosity.  (Plates  III. 
and  IV.) 

15.  The  Teres  Minor  is  a  much   smaller  muscle 
which  arises  from  the  lower  half  of  the  axillary 
margin  of  the  scapula,  and  is  inserted  on  the  great 
tuberosity  of  the  humerus,  just  below  the  inser- 
tion of  the  infraspinatus  muscle.     (Plate  III.) 

Reflect  the  latissimus  dorsi,  rhomboideus  major, 
and  rhomboideus  capitis  muscles. 

1 6.  The  Levator  Anguli  Scapulae  is  the  thick  mus- 
cle which    takes    its    origin    from    the  transverse 
processes  of  the  last  five  cervical  vertebrae,  and  is 
inserted  on  the  anterior  half  of  the  vertebral  mar- 
gin of  the  scapula.     (Plates  III.  and  IV.) 

1 7.  The  Serratus  Magnus  is  the.  large  muscle  con- 
tinuous with  the  posterior  margin  of  the  levator 
anguli  scapulae.     It  arises  by  digitations  from  the 
first  nine  or  ten  ribs,  and  is  inserted  on  the  poste- 
rior half  of  the  vertebral  margin  of  the  scapula. 
The  serratus  magnus  and  levator  anguli  scapulae 
form  a  single  sheet  of  muscle,  which  suspends  the 
body   from    the    fore-limbs.       (Plates    III.    and 
IV.) 

1 8.  The  Subscapularis  is  the   muscle  which  fills 
the  entire  subscapular  fossa.      It  takes  its  origin 
from  the  greater  part  of  the  fossa,  from  which  its 
fibres  converge  to  their  insertion,  by  tendon,  on 


MUSCLES  ^  37 

the  lesser  tuberosity  and  capsular  ligament  of  the 
head  of  the  humerus.     (Plate  IV.) 

19.  The  Coraco-brachialis  is  a  small  muscle  lying 
on  the  inner  side  of  the  shoulder-joint  and  cover- 
ing the  insertion  of  the  subscapularis  muscle.      It 
is  composed  of  two  parts,   both  of   which    arise 
from  the  coracoid  process  of  the  scapula  and  are 
inserted  on  the   inner  side  of  the  humerus,   just 
above  the  insertion  of  the  teres  major.     (Plate  IV.) 

20.  The  Biceps  is  a  long,  spindle-shaped  muscle, 
lying  on  the  flexor  (anterior)  surface  of  the  hu- 
merus.     It   arises   by  a  strong  tendon  from    the 
anterior  margin  of  the  glenoid  cavity  of  the  scap- 
ula, and  is  inserted  by  a  similar  tendon  on  the  tu- 
bercle of  the  radius.     (Plates  III.  and  IV.) 

21.  The    Bjachialis    Anticus    Muscle    lies    closely 
along  the  outer  side  of  the  anterior  surface  of  the 
humerus,  below  the  insertion  of  the  teres  minor. 
Its  fibres  converge  to  their  insertion  on  and  near 
the  coronoid  process  of  the  ulna.     (Plates  II.  and 

in.) 

22.  The  Triceps  is  the  large  mass  of  muscle  on 
the  extensor  (posterior)  surface   of  the  humerus. 
It  consists  of  five  parts,  as  follows  : 

a.  The  largest  division  of  the  triceps  arises  by 
a  broad  tendon  from  the  lower  half  of  the  axillary 
border  of  the  scapula,  between  the  subscapularis 
and  teres  minor  muscles.  It  is  inserted  by  a 
strong  tendon  on  the  olecranon  process  of  the 
ulna.  (Plates  II.,  III.,  and  IV.) 


38  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

b.  The  second  and   most   external    part  arises 
from  the  head  of  the  humerus,  beneath  the  inser- 
tion of  the  teres  minor.     Its  fibres  pass  downward, 
and  are  inserted  by  a  tendon  on    the  olecranon 
process.     (Plates  II.  and  III.) 

c.  The  third  division  arises  from  the  upper  part 
of  the  shaft  of  the  humerus,  below  the  insertion 
of  the  teres  major.     Its  fibres  unite  with  those  of 
the  fourth  division  (d),  and  are  inserted  on  the 
olecranon  process.     (Plates  III.  and  IV.) 

d.  This  division  is  the  most  internal,  and  arises 
just  below  the  head  of  the  humerus,  between  the 
origin  of  the  second  division  (b)  and  the  insertion 
of  the  coraco-brachialis.     It  passes  downward  and 
unites  with  the  third  part  (r),  and  both  are  in- 
serted on  the  olecranon  process.     (Plate  IV.) 

e.  The  smallest  part  of  the  triceps  arises  from 
the  bridge  of  bone  bounding  the  supracondyloid 
foramen  of  the  humerus,  as  far  down  as  the  inter- 
nal condyle. ,    Its  fibres  pass  back  to  their  insertion 
on  the  inner  side  of  the  olecranon  process. 

23.  The  Anconeus  Muscle  arises  from  the  lower 
half  of  the  shaft  of  the  humerus,  the  margins  of 
the  olecranon  fossa,  and  the  external  condyle. 
Its  fibres  pass  between  the  second  (U)  and  third 
(c]  parts  of  the  triceps,  to  their  insertion  in  the 
fossa  just  outside  the  olecranon  process.  (Plates 
II.  and  III.) 


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MUSCLES  39 

MUSCLES   OF   THE   HIND-LEG. 

1.  The  Sartorius  is  a  broad,  thin  muscle  which 
covers  the  anterior  and  internal  parts  of  the  thigh. 
It  arises  from  the  anterior  ventral  margin  of  the 
ilium,  and  is  inserted  both  on  the  ligament  of  the 
patella  and   the  internal    tuberosity  of  the  tibia. 
(Plates  II.,  III.,  and  IV.) 

2.  The  Tensor  Vaginae  Femoris  is  a  large  muscle 
which  arises  from  the  anterior  end  of  the  ilium 
and  the  adjacent  fascia.     It  is  inserted  by  a  strong 
fascia,  which  dips  in  between  the  muscles,  and  ex- 
tends down  to  the  external  condyle  of  the  femur. 
(Plates  II.  and  IV.) 

3.  The  Biceps  Femoris  is  a  very  large  muscle,  cov- 
ering the  greater  part  of  the  external  surface  of 
the  thigh.     It  arises  from  the  tuberosity  of  the 
ischium,  and  is  inserted  by  a  strong  fascia  on  the 
outer  side  of  the  tibia,  for  the  greater  part  of  its 
length.     (Plate  II.) 

4.  The  Gluteus  Maximus  is  the  muscle  lying  be- 
tween the  biceps  femoris  and  the  tensor  vaginae 
femoris.      It  arises  partly  from  the  sacrum  and  the 
fascia  covering  it  dorsally,   and  partly   from    the 
first  two  caudal  vertebrae,  and  is  inserted  on  the 
great  trochanter  and  shaft  of  the  femur  by  a  sheet 
of  fascia.      (Plate  II.) 

5.  The  Tenuissimus  is  a  long  and  very  slender 
muscle  which  arises  from  the  caudal  vertebrae,  be- 
low the  origin  of  the  gluteus  maxim  us.      It  runs 


4O  DISSECTION   OF   THE    CAT 

along  the  inner  side  of  the  biceps  femoris,  with 
which  muscle  it  finally  fuses.     (Plate  III.) 

Reflect  the  preceding  muscles. 

6.  The  Gluteus  Medius  is  a  thick  muscle  lying 
directly   under    the   gluteus   maximus.      It    arises 
from  the  outer  surface  of  the  ilium  and  the  fascia, 
between  the  gluteus  maximus  and  tensor  vaginae 
femoris,  and  is  inserted  on  the  great  trochanter  of 
the  femur.     (Plate  III.) 

7.  The   Gluteus  Minimus  lies   directly  under  the 
gluteus  medius.      Its  origin  is  on  the  ilium,  just 
posterior  to  the  origin  of  the  preceding  muscle, 
and  also  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  ischium.      It  is 
inserted  on  the  great  trochanter.      (Plate  III.) 

8.  The  Quadratus  Femoris  is  the  small  quadran- 
gular muscle  arising   from  the   tuberosity  of  the 
ischium.     It  is  inserted  on  the  posterior  surface  of 
the  femur,  near  the  great  trochanter.     (Plate  III.) 

9.  The  Semitendinosus  is  the   smaller    and  more 
external  of  the  two  posterior  muscles  of  the  thigh. 
It  arises  from  the  tuberosity  of  the  ischium,  and  is 
inserted  by  fascia  on  the  inner  side  of  the  tibia, 
and  by  tendon  on  the  front  of  the  tibia,  just  below 
the  patella.     (Plates  II.,  III.,  and  IV.) 

10.  The    Semimembranosus  is   the    larger  of   the 
two  posterior  muscles  of  the  thigh.      Its  origin  is 
on  the  ischium,  from  the  tuberosity  to  the  sym- 
physis  pubis.     It  is  inserted  (i)  on  and  above  the 
inner  condyle  of  the  femur,  and  (2)  by  a  strong 


MUSCLES  41 

tendon    on    the   internal  tuberosity   of    the   tibia. 
(Plates  II.,  III.,  and  IV.) 

11.  The  Quadriceps  Extensor  is  composed  of  four 
large  muscles  which  have  separate  origins  but  are 
inserted  on  the  tuberosity  of  the  tibia  by  a  com- 
mon tendon,  the  "  tendon  of  the  patella." 

a.  The  vastus  externus  is  the  largest  and  most 
external   of  the  four  divisions.       Its  origin  is  on 
the  whole  outer  surface  of  the  shaft  of  the  femur 
and  on  the  great  trochanter.     (Plate  III.) 

b.  The  rectus  femoris  is  the   most  anterior  of 
the  four  divisions,  lying  between  the  vastus  ex- 
ternus and  the  muscle  next  to  be  described,  the 
vastus  internus.       It  arises  from    the    ilium    just 
above  the  acetabulum.     (Plate  IV.) 

c.  The  vastus  internus  lies  between  the  rectus 
femoris  and  the  sartorius.      It  arises  from  the  in- 
ner and  anterior  side  of  the  upper  part  of  the  fe- 
mur.    (Plate  IV.) 

d.  The    vastus    medius,    the    smallest    division, 
arises  from  the  lower  part  of  the  front  of  the  fe- 
mur.    To  expose  this  muscle  the  three  preceding 
divisions  must  be  reflected. 

12.  The  Pyriformis  is  a  small  triangular  muscle. 
It  arises  from   the   ventral  surface  of  the  sacrum, 
and,  passing  along  the  posterior    margin    of   the 
gluteus  minimus,  is  inserted  on  the  great  trochan- 
ter of  the  femur. 

13.  The  Gracilis  is  a  broad,  thin  muscle,  cover- 
ing the  greater  part  of  the  inner  side  of  the  thigh. 


42  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

It  arises  below  the  symphysis  pubis,  and  is  in- 
serted by  fascia  on  the  inner  side  of  the  tibia,  par- 
tially beneath  the  insertion  of  the  sartorius.  (Plate 
IV.) 

Reflect  the  gracilis  muscle. 

14.  The  Adductor  is  a  large  muscle  arising  from 
the  pubis  and  ischium,   near  the  symphysis,   and 
below  the  origin  of  the  gracilis.      It  is  inserted  on 
the  posterior  part  of  the  femur,  along  the  linea 
aspera.     (Plates  III.  and  IV.) 

15.  The  Pectineus  is  a  small,  thin  muscle,  arising 
from  the  pubis,  near  the  symphysis.      It  is  inserted 
on  the  ridge  between  the  lesser  trochanter  and  the 
linea  aspera  of  the  femur,  and  also  on  the  linea 
aspera  itself.     (Plate  IV.) 

1 6.  The   Psoas  Magnus   is   the    large,   cylindrical 
muscle  lying  along  the  dorsal  wall  of  the  abdom- 
inal cavity.      It  arises  from  the  transverse  processes 
of  the  lumbar  vertebrae,  and   passes  out  beneath 
the  brim  of  the  pelvis.     It  is  inserted  on  the  lesser 
trochanter  of  the  femur.     (Plate  IV.) 

MUSCLES  OF  THE  NECK. 

i.  The  Sterno-mastoid  Muscle  is  a  long,  narrow 
band  which  arises  from  the  side  of  the  manu- 
brium,  below  the  anterior  part  of  the  pectoralis 
major,  and  is  inserted  on  the  skull  just  above  the 
mastoid  process.  (Plates  II.,  III.,  and  IV.) 


MUSCLES  43 

Reflect  the  sterno-mastoid  muscle. 

2.  The  Sterno-hyoid  is  a  similar  muscle,  lying  be- 
neath the  sterno-mastoid,  and  covering  the  trachea 
along  the  mid- ventral  line.      It  arises  on  the  ante- 
rior end  of  the  manubrium,  and  is  inserted  on  the 
basi-hyal  bone.     (Plate  IV.) 

Reflect  the  sterno-hyoid  muscle. 

3.  The  Sterno-thyroid  is  a  slender  muscle  which 
arises  from  the  anterior  end   of  the  manubrium, 
below  the  origin  of   the   sterno-hyoid.      It   is    in- 
serted   on   the   thyroid    cartilage    of    the    larynx. 
(Plate  IV.) 

4.  The    Digastric    is    a   relatively  large    muscle, 
situated  at  the  angle  of  the  mandible.      It  arises 
from  the  skull,  posterior  to  the  external  auditory 
meatus,  and  is    inserted  along   the   inner    surface 
of   the    anterior   half    of   the    mandible.     (Plates 
II.,  III.,  and  IV.) 

5.  The  Genio-hyoid  is  a  small,  thin  .muscle,  lying 
along  the  mid-line   of  the  under  side  of  the  man- 
dible.    It  arises  near  the  symphysis,  and  is  inserted 
on  the  basi-hyal  bone.      (Plate  IV.) 

6.  The  Mylo-hyoid  is  the  flat  muscle  forming  the 
floor  of  the  mouth.      It  arises  on  the  inside  of  the 
mandible,  and  is  inserted  on   the  basi-hyal  bone. 
(Plate  IV.) 

7.  The  Thyro-hyoid  Muscle  arises  from  the  thyroid 
cartilage   of   the  larynx,  and    is    inserted    on    the 


44  DISSECTION   OF  THE   CAT 

thyro-hyal  bone.     It  appears  to  be  a  continuation 
of  the  sterno-thyroid  muscle. 

8.  The  Splenius  is  a  large  muscle  which  takes  its 
origin  on  the  mid-dorsal  line  of  the  neck  and  from 
the  neural  processes  of  the  anterior  dorsal  verte- 
brae. It  is  inserted  on  the  outer  part  of  the  lamb- 
doidal  ridge  of  the  skull.  (Plate  III.) 

The  Masseter  is  the  thick,  oval  muscle  lying  just 
back  of  the  eye.  It  arises  from  the  malar  bone 
and  from  the  zygomatic  process  of  the  temporal 
bone,  and  is  inserted  on  the  outer  surface  of  the 
ascending  ramus  of  the  mandible.  (Plates  II., 
Ill,,  and  IV.) 

The  Temporalis  is  the  fan-shaped  muscle  cover- 
ing the  side  of  the  skull.  It  arises  from  the  skull 
between  the  lambdoidal  ridge  and  the  post-orbital 
process  of  the  frontal  bone.  Its  fibres  converge, 
filling  up  the  temporal  fossa,  and  are  inserted  on 
the  coronoid  process  of  the  mandible.  (Plates  II. 
and  III.) 


PLATE   IV. 

SUPERFICIAL    AND    DEEPER    MUSCLES 
OF    VENTRAL    SIDE. 

The  following  muscles  have  been  removed  from  the  left  side:— 

Genio-hyoid,  Pectoralis, 

Sterno-mastoid,  Latissimus  dorsi, 

Sterno-hyoid,  External  oblique, 

Cleido-mastoid,  Internal  oblique, 

Cephalo-humeral,  Sartorius, 
Cracilis. 


PLATE  IV. 


SUPERFICIAL  AND  DEEPER  MUSCLES  OF  VENTRAL  SIDE. 


CHAPTER   IV 
VASCULAR  SYSTEM 


ARTERIAL  SYSTEM.     (Plate  V.) 

The  Aorta  is  the  large  blood-vessel  which  leaves 
the  left  ventricle  of  the  heart  and  bends  in  an  arch 
to  the  left  and  passes  •  posteriorly  along  the  mid- 
line.  It  gives  ofT  the  following  branches  : 

i .  The  Brachio-cephalic  or  Innominate  Artery  is  the 
first  and  larger  of  the  two  branches  which  lead 
anteriorly  from  the  arch  of  the  aorta.  It  soon 
gives  off  the  following  : 

a.  The  Right  and  Left  Carotid  Arteries.  These 
pass  anteriorly  along  either  side  of  the  trachea 
and  are  distributed  to  the  neck  and  head.  Their 
principal  branches  are  : 

(1)  The  Thyroid  Artery,  given  off  at  the  level  of 
the  thyroid  gland,  and  distributed  principally  to 
that  organ. 

(2)  A  large  Muscular  Branch,   given  off  directly 
opposite    the    thyroid  artery,   which   supplies   the 
muscles  of  the  neck. 

(3)  The  Lingual  Artery,  which  is  distributed  to 
the  under  surface  of  the  tongue. 

(4)  The  Facial  Artery,  which  sends  branches  to 


46  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

the  cheek,  lips,  muscles  of  the  mandible,  and  to 
the  submaxillary  gland. 

(5)  .The  Post-auricular  Artery,  which  is  distributed 
to  the  posterior  side  of  the  ear. 

(6)  The  Temporal  Artery,  which  is  distributed  to 
the  parotid  gland  and  muscles  of  the  side  of  the 
head. 

After  giving  off  the  temporal  branch,  the  caro- 
tid passes  beneath  the  masseter  muscle  and  ends  in 
a  plexus  of  small  blood-vessels  near  the  glenoid 
fossa. 

b.  The  Right  Subclavian  Artery.  After  giving  off 
the  two  carotid  arteries,  the  remaining  portion  of 
the  brachio-cephalic  is  known  as  the  right  sub- 
clavian  artery.  It  gives  off  the  following  branches  : 

(1)  The  Vertebral  Artery,  which  pierces  the  trans- 
verse processes  of  the  six  anterior  cervical  verte- 
brae, enters  the  foramen  magnum,  and  unites  with 
its  fellow  of  the  opposite  side  to  form  the  basilar 
artery  of  the  brain. 

(2)  The  Superior  Intercostal  Artery,  arising  a  little 
beyond  the  vertebral  artery,  is  distributed  to  the 
intercostal  muscles  between  the  four  anterior  ribs. 

(3)  The  Sternal  or  Internal  Mammary  Artery,  given 
off  just  beyond  the  last,  runs  posteriorly  along  the 
inner  surface  of  the  sternum. 

(4)  The  Thyroid  Axis  arises  directly  opposite  the 
sternal  artery,  and  passes  anteriorly  and  dorsally. 
It  supplies  the  suprascapular  region,  and  gives  off 
a  branch  to  the  thyroid  gland. 


VASCULAR   SYSTEM  47 

(5)  The   Superior  Thoracic  Artery,  arising  a  short 
distance  from  the  thyroid  axis,  supplies  the  pec- 
toral muscle. 

(6)  The  Long  Thoracic  Artery,  arising  a  little  be- 
yond  the   superior   thoracic   artery,   supplies   the 
thoracic  muscles. 

(7)  The  Subscapular  and  Posterior  Circumflex  Arteries 
arise  from  a  common  trunk,   which  is  given  off 
from  the  subclavian  a  little  beyond  the  long  tho- 
racic.    The  subscapular  artery  supplies  the  muscles 
of  the  subscapular  region.     The  posterior  circum- 
flex   passes    between   the   subscapular   and   teres 
major  muscles,  and  supplies  the  muscles  of  the 
arm. 

(8)  The  Anterior  Circumflex  Artery,    which   runs 
obliquely  around  the  humerus  and  supplies  certain 
muscles  of  the  arm. 

The  portion  of  the  subclavian  artery  between 
the  thyroid  axis  and  circumflex  artery  is  known  as 
the  axillary  artery.  After  reaching  the  arm  it 
becomes  the  brachial  artery. 

(9)  The  Superior    and    Inferior  Profunda  Arteries, 
given  off  from  the  brachial,  between  the  shoulder 
and  elbow. 

(10)  The    Ulnar    and    Radial   Arteries,    the    two 
branches    into   which  the    brachial  divides  at  the 
elbow.     The  radial  artery  is  a  direct  continuation 
of  the  brachial  artery,  and  passes  along  the  flexor 
surface  of  the  limb  to  the  wrist,  where  it  turns  to 
the  dorsal  surface,  and  forms,  with  a  branch  of  the 


48  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

ulnar  artery,  the  palmar  arch.     The  ulnar  artery 
is  smaller  and  less  superficial  than  the  radial. 

2.  The    Left  Subclavian  Artery,   unlike   the   right 
subclavian,  which  arises  as  a  branch  of  the  brachio- 
cephalic  artery,  takes  its  origin  directly  from  the 
arch    of   the   aorta.     Its    branches  are  similar  to 
those  of  the  right  subclavian  artery. 

3.  The  Intercostal  Arteries  arise  in  ten  pairs  from 
the  thoracic  portion  of  the  aorta  and  supply  all 
but  the  first  three  intercostal  spaces. 

4.  The  Bronchial  Arteries  arise  from  the  aorta  near 
the  fourth  intercostal  artery  and  supply  the  lungs. 

5.  The  Phrenic  Artery  is  a  small  branch  given  off 
from  the  aorta  as  it  pierces  the  diaphragm,  which 
organ  it  supplies. 

6.  The  Coeliac  Axis  is  a  large  branch  given  off 
from  the  aorta  after  it  pierces  the  diaphragm.     It 
divides  into  three  branches  : 

a.  The  Hepatic  Artery,  which  sends  branches  to 
the  liver,  duodenum,  and  pancreas. 

b.  The  Coronary  Artery,  which  is  distributed  along 
the  small  curvature  of  the  stomach. 

c.  The  Splenic  Artery,  which  supplies  the  spleen 
and  portions  of  the  stomach. 

7.  The  Superior  Mesenteric  Artery  arises  next  pos- 
terior to  the  coeliac  axis.      It  subdivides  in   the 
mesentery  and  conveys  blood  to  the  intestine. 

8.  The  Suprarenal  Arteries  are  two  small  branches 
which  arise  near   the  superior  mesenteric  artery 
and  supply  the  adrenal  bodies. 


VASCULAR   SYSTEM  49 

9.  The  Renal  Arteries  are  two  large  arteries  which 
arise  one  on  either  side  and  supply  the  kidneys. 

10.  The  Spermatic  Arteries,  in  the  male,  are  two 
long,  slender  arteries  which  arise  a  little  posterior 
to  the  renal  arteries.    They  pass  backward  through 
the  inguinal  canal  as  part  of  the  spermatic  cord 
and  supply  the  testes. 

In  the  female  the  Ovarian  Arteries  arise  in  nearly 
the  same  place  and  supply  the  ovaries. 

1 1 .  The  Inferior  Mesenteric  Artery  arises  some  dis- 
tance posterior  to  the  last,  and  is  distributed  to 
the  lower  part  of  the  large  intestine  and  rectum. 

1 2.  The  Ilio-lumbar  Arteries  are  two  arteries  which 
arise  on  either  side  of  the  aorta,  and  supply  the 
muscles  of  the  back. 

13.  The  External  Iliac  Arteries  are  two  large  ar- 
teries given  off  in  the  posterior  part  of  the  abdom- 
inal cavity.     They  run  outward  and  downward  to 
each   hind  limb.     Before  passing   Poupart's  liga- 
ment each  gives  off  a  large  branch,  the  obturator 
artery,  which  passes  through  the  obturator  fora- 
men to  the  muscles  on  the  back  of  the  pelvis. 
The  obturator  artery  has  a  branch,  the  epigastric- 
artery,  which  passes  forward  along  the  abdominal 
wall  and  anastomoses  with  the  internal  mammary 
artery.     Each  external  iliac  artery  passes  beneath 
Poupart's  ligament  to  reach  the  thigh,  where  it 
becomes  the  femoral  artery.     Near  its  origin  each 
gives  off  the  deep  femoral  or  profunda  artery  to 
the  muscles  of  the  thigh.     At  the  knee-joint  the 


50  DISSECTION    OF   THE   CAT 


femoral  is  called  \k&  popliteal  artery,  and,  contin- 
uing, divides  into  the  anterior  and  posterior  tibial 
arteries.  The  posterior  tibial  artery  runs  down 
behind  the  tibia  to  the  inner  side  of  the  os  calcis, 
where  it  divides  into  the  internal  and  external 
plantar  arteries.  The  anterior  tibial  artery 
passes  along  the  anterior  part  of  the  leg,  and  be- 
comes the  dorsal  artery  of  the  foot. 

14.  The  Internal  Iliac  Arteries  are  two  large  lateral 
branches  into  which  the  aorta  divides  soon  after 
giving  off  the  external  iliacs.  Each  internal  iliac 
gives  off  a  small  artery  to  the  bladder,  the  superior 
vesical,  and  then  divides  into  two  branches,  the 
pudic  and  sciatic  arteries.  The  pudic  divides 
into  the  internal  pudic,  which  is  distributed 
within  the  pelvis  to  the  genital  organs,  and  the  ex- 
ternal p^ldic,  which  supplies  the  external  genital 
organs.  The  sciatic,  after  giving  off  the  glutcal, 
which  is  distributed  to  the  muscles  on  the  back  of 
the  pelvis,  passes  out  through  the  great  sciatic 
notch,  and  goes  to  the  muscles  of  the  hip  and 
thigh. 

1  5.  The  Caudal  Artery  is  the  posterior  continua- 
tion of  the  aorta.  It  passes  along  beneath  the 
tail. 

Muscular  Branches  are  given  off  at  various  points, 
both  from  the  aorta  and  from  other  arteries  to  ad- 
jacent muscles. 


PLATE    V, 


CAROTID.. 
TEMPORAL. - 

POST-AURICULAR,  - 


O  LIPS. 

•-O  DIGASTRIC   MUSCLE. 

GLAND. 


PROFUNC 
FEMORALr 


XTERNAL  ILIAC. 

SUPERIOR  VESICLE 
(TERNAL  ILIAC. 

PUDIC. 
SCIATIC. 


ARTERIAL  SYSTEM 


VASCULAR    SYSTEM  5  I 

VENOUS  SYSTEM.     (Plate  VI.) 

A. — Prae-cava. 

The  Prae-cava,  or  Superior  Vena  Cava,  is  the  large 
vein  which  brings  back  blood  from  the  anterior 
part  of  the  body,  and  empties  into  the  right  auri- 
cle, as  already  described.  It  receives  the  follow- 
ing branches  : 

1.  The  Azygos  Vein  collects  the  blood  from  the 
intercostal  and  lumbar  regions,  and  empties  into 
the  prse-cava  in  front  of  the  heart. 

2.  The  Vertebral  Vein  of  the  right  side  joins  the 
superior  vena  cava  some  distance  anterior  to  the 
azygos  vein. 

3.  The   Sternal  Veins   enter  the   prae-cava    by    a 
common  trunk  on  its  ventral  side  just  anterior  to 
the  right  vertebral  vein.     They  arise  as  two  veins 
on  either  side  of  the  sternum,  and,  passing  ante- 
riorly, unite  at  the  level  of  the  fourth  rib. 

4.  The    Brachio-cephalic    or    Innominate  Veins    are 
two  large  veins  which  unite  at  the  level  of   the 
subclavian  arteries  to  form  the  prse-cava. 

5.  The  External  Jugular  Vein  is    formed    by   the 
union   of  the  temporal,   internal  maxillary,  and 
facial  veins,  which  correspond  to  the  arteries  of 
the  same  names.      It  runs  just  beneath  the  skin, 
across  the  sterno-mastoid  muscle,  and  empties  into 
the  subclavian  vein.      Between  the  temporal  and 


52  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

facial  veins    the  two  external  jugular  veins   are 
united  by  a  cross  branch,  the  transverse  vein. 

6.  The  Internal  Jugular  Vein   returns  blood  from 
the  brain.     It  runs  parallel  to  the  carotid  artery, 
internal  to  the  external  jugular  vein  and  unites 
with  the  external  jugular  vein  just  before  it  emp- 
ties into  the  brachio-cephalic. 

7.  The  Subclavian  Vein  is  the  large  vessel  which 
returns    blood    from    the    fore-leg,    where    it   has 
branches  similar  to  those  of  the  subclavian  artery. 
It  unites  with  the  external  jugular  vein   to  form 
the  brachio-cephalic  vein. 

8.  The  Left  Vertebral  Vein  returns  blood  from  the 
cranial  cavity.     It  empties  into  the  left  brachio- 
cephalic,   between   the    entrance   of   the   external 
jugular   and   the   union  of   the   brachio-cephalic 
veins. 


VASCULAR   SYSTEM  53 

B. — Post-cava. 

The  Post-cava  or  Inferior  Vena  Cava  is  the  large 
vein  which  returns  blood  from  the  posterior  part 
of  the  body,  and  empties  into  the  right  auricle.  It 
receives  its  first  branch  as  it  pierces  the  diaphragm. 

1.  The  Phrenic  Veins  collect  blood  from  the  dia- 
phragm, and  enter  the  post-cava  just  as  it  pierces 
that  organ. 

2.  The  Hepatic  Veins  collect  the  blood  from  the 
liver,    and   empty  into   the    post  -  cava,    near   the 
phrenic  veins. 

3.  The  Suprarenal  Veins  collect  the  blood  from 
the  abdominal  walls  and  adrenal  bodies,  and  usu- 
ally empty  into  the  post-cava,  near  the  level  of  the 
corresponding  arteries. 

4.  The  Renal  Veins  correspond  to  the  arteries  of 
the  same  name. 

5.  The  Spermatic  and  Ovarian  Veins  correspond  to 
the  spermatic  and  ovarian  arteries,  though  usually 
those  of  the  left  side  empty  into  the  renal  vein  in- 
stead of  the  post-cava. 

6.  The  Ilio-lumbar  Veins  also  correspond  to  the 
ilio-lumbar  arteries. 

7.  The   Common  Iliac  Veins   are   two   large  veins 
which  unite  with  the  caudal  vein  to  form  the  post- 
cava.     They  are  formed  by  the  union  of  the  in- 
ternal and    external   iliac    veins,    which    have    a 
similar  distribution  to    the  arteries   of   the    same 
name. 


54  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

8.  The  Caudal  Vein  is  the  direct  continuation  of 
the  post-cava.  It  returns  blood  from  the  tail. 

Q— Portal  System. 

The  Portal  Vein  is  formed  by  a  number  of 
branches,  which  collect  the  blood  from  the  in- 
testines, spleen,  pancreas,  and  stomach.  These 
branches  unite  within  the  mesentery.  The  portal 
vein  enters  the  under  side  of  the  liver,  just  above 
the  hepatic  artery.  In  the  liver  it  breaks  up  into 
capillaries,  which  -again  unite,  to  form  the  hepatic 
vein.  This  vein  empties  into  the  post-cava,  near 
the  diaphragm,  as  already  described. 

The  portal  system  returns  blood  from  the  re- 
gions supplied  by  the  superior  and  inferior  mesen- 
teric  arteries  and  the  coeliac  axis. 


PLATE  VI. 


JNTERNAL  MAXILLARY. 

TO  SUBMAXILLARY 

GLAND. 


INTERNAL  JUGULAR. 


XTERNAL  JUGULAR. 


FT  SUBCLAVIAN. 
LEFT  VERTEBRAL. 


EPIGASTRIC. 


MUSCULAR. 
FEMORAL. 


COMMON  ILIAC. 
CAUDAL. 
EXTERNAL  ILIAC. 

INTERNAL  ILIAC. 


VENOUS    SYSTEM 


CHAPTER  V 
NERVOUS   SYSTEM 


INVESTING  MEMBRANES. 

1.  The  most  external  of  the  three  membranes 
which   enclose  the   brain   and   spinal   cord    is  the 
dura  mater.       It   is   a   thick,    fibrous   membrane, 
which  lines  the  inside  of  the  skull  and  vertebral 
column.     It  dips  down  in  a  longitudinal  fold  be- 
tween the  two  lobes  of  the  brain  forming  the  falx 
cerebri.     It  also  makes  a  transverse  fold  below  the 
posterior  margin  of  the  parietal  bone,  between  the 
cerebrum  and  cerebellum.     This  is  called  the  ten- 
tor  ium,  and  in  adult  cats  becomes  ossified. 

2.  The  most  internal  membrane,  the/z#  mater, 
is  much  thinner  and  less  dense,  and  closely  invests 
the  brain  and  cord.     The  blood-vessels  supplying 
the  central  nervous  system  are  contained  in  this 
membrane. 

3.  The  arachnoid  is  a  very  delicate  membrane, 
lying  between   the   dura    and    pia    mater.       It    is 
closely  connected  with  the   dura  mater,  but  does 
not  follow  all  the    folds    of   the    pia   mater.     It 
may  be    seen  bridging    over   the    fissures  of   the 
brain. 


56  DISSECTION   OF  THE   CAT 

EXTERNAL  ANATOMY  OF  THE  BRAIN. 

The  brain  is  the  portion  of  the  nervous  system 
within  the  cranial  cavity.  It  is  divided  into  three 
principal  parts  —  the  cerebrum,  cerebellum,  and 
medulla  oblongata. 

The  cerebrum  forms  the  largest  part  of  the 
brain,  occupying  the  anterior  portion  of  the  cranial 
cavity.  It  consists  of  two  lobes  or  hemispheres. 

The  cerebellum  is  the  unpaired  posterior  portion 
of  the  brain.  It  is  connected  with  the  rest  of  the 
brain  by  bands  of  fibres  or  crura,  two  of  which 
pass  to  the  cerebrum,  two  to  the  medulla,  and  two 
blend  together  below  the  cerebrum  and  form  the 
pons  Varolii. 

The  medulla  oblongata  forms  the  posterior  part 
of  the  brain,  below  the  cerebellum.  It  is  continu- 
ous posteriorly  with  the  spinal  cord. 

A. — Cerebrum. 

1.  The  Cerebrum  is  the  large  anterior  part  of  the 
brain.     It  consists  of  two  lobes  or  hemispheres, 
which  are  composed  of  a  number  of  convolutions, 
or  gyri,  separated  by  fissures,  or  sulci.    (Plate  VII., 
A,  B,  and  c.) 

2.  The  Olfactory  Lobes  are  the  two  small,  knob- 
like  prolongations  from  the  anterior  ventral  surface 
of  the  cerebral  hemispheres.     (Plate  VII.,  A  and  c.) 

3.  The  first  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  the  Olfactory, 
arise  from  the  under  side  of  the  olfactory  lobes. 


NERVOUS   SYSTEM  57 

4.  The  Corpus  Callosum  is  the  broad  white  band 
of  fibres  connecting  the  two  cerebral  hemispheres. 
It  may  be  seen  from  the  dorsal  side  by  pressing 
the  hemispheres  apart.     (Plate  VII.,  c.) 

5.  The  Corpora  Quadrigemina  are  the  two  pairs  of 
rounded  elevations  which  lie  on  the  dorsal  surface 
of  the  brain,  between  the  cerebrum  and  cerebellum, 
which  must  be  pressed  apart  to  expose  them.     The 
anterior  pair  are  smaller  than  the  posterior,  and 
are  called  the  nates.     The  posterior  pair  are  called 
the  testes.     (Plate  VII.,  c.) 

6.  The  Pineal  Gland  is  a  single  rounded  promi- 
nence, lying  in  the  mid-dorsal  line,  just  anterior  to 
the  nates.     (Plate  VII.,  c.) 

7.  The  Valve  of  Vieussens  is  the   delicate  mem- 
brane covering  the  cavity  of  the  brain,  posterior  to 
the  corpora  quadrigemina  and  beneath  the  anterior 
portion  of  the  cerebellum.     (Plate  VII.,  c.) 

8.  The  second  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  the  Optic, 
are  the  large  nerves  arising  from  the  transverse 
band  of  fibres  known  as  the  optic  chiasma,  situ- 
ated on  the  ventral  side  of  the  brain,  just  posterior 
to   the    fissure    separating   the   two    hemispheres. 
(Plate  VII.,  A  and  c.) 

9.  The  Optic  Chiasma  is  formed  by  the  crossing 
of  the  fibres  of  the  optic  tracts  which  run  up  be- 
neath the  cerebral  lobes  and  over  the  ventral  sur- 
face   of   two    oval  bodies,   the    optic   thalami,  to 
which  they  send  fibres,  and  end  finally  in  the  cor- 
pora quadrigemina.     (Plate  VII.,  A  and  c.) 


58  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

10.  The  Lamina  Cinerea  lies  just  anterior  to  the 
optic  chiasma.     It  is  a  thin  membrane,  connect- 
ing the  optic  chiasma  and   corpus  callosum,  and 
enclosing  a  cavity  in  the  brain  known  as  the  third 
ventricle.     (Plate  VII.,  c.) 

1 1.  The  Pituitary  Body  is  situated  at  the  end  of  a 
conical  prolongation  of  the  ventral  surface  of  the 
brain  just  posterior  to  the  chiasma.     In  most  cases 
it  is  torn  off  in  removing  the  brain  from  the  skull, 
leaving  nothing  but  a  hollow  stalk.     (Plate  VII., 
A  and  c.) 

12.  The  Infundibulum  is  the  hollow. conical  pro- 
jection which  forms  the  stalk  of  the  pituitary  body. 
The  cavity  of  the  infundibulum  is  continuous  with 
the  third  ventricle.     (Plate  VII.,  c.) 

13.  The  Tuber  Cinereum  is  a  slight  prominence, 
from  which   projects  the  infundibulum.       (Plate 

VII.,  A.) 

14.  The  Corpora  Albicantia  are  two  small,  rounded 
elevations,   just  posterior  to  the  tuber  cinereum. 
(Plate  VII.,  A.) 

15.  The  Crura  Cerebri   are   two   thick    bands    of 
fibres  which  diverge  on  either  side  of  the  corpora 
albicantia,    and    pass   dorsal   to   the    optic  tracts. 
(Plate  VII.,  A.) 

1 6.  The  third  pair  of  cranial   nerves,  the  Oculo- 
motor, emerge  in  the  mid-ventral  line,  posterior  to 
the  corpora  albicantia,  in  the  angle  between  the 
diverging  crura  cerebri.     (Plate  VII.,  A.) 

1 7.  The  fourth  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  the  Pathetic, 


NERVOUS   SYSTEM  59 

emerge  from  the  surface  of  the  brain  on  the  outer 
sides  of  the  crura  cerebri. 

B.— Cerebellum. 

1.  The  Cerebellum  is  the  large  unpaired  portion 
of  the  brain   lying  just  posterior  to  the  cerebral 
hemispheres.     The  dorsal  surface  is  marked  by  nu- 
merous parallel  grooves.     It  consists  of  two  lateral 
lobes  or  hemispheres,   and   a  median   portion   or 
vcrmis.     It  is  connected  with  the  rest  of  the  brain 
by  three  pairs  of  fibrous  bands  or  crura.     The  first 
pair  are  the  superior  peduncles*     They  connect  the 
cerebellum  with  the  corpora  quadrigemina.     The 
second  and  largest  pair  form  the  lateral  continua- 
tions of  the  pons  Varolii.      They  are  known  as 
the  middle  peduncles.     The  third  pair,  the  inferior 
peduncles,  connect  the  cerebellum  with  the  me- 
dulla oblongata.     (Plate  VII.,  A  and  c.) 

2.  The  Pons  Varolii  is  the  broad,  transverse  band 
of  fibres   on   the   ventral   side   of  the  brain,    con- 
necting the  two  sides  of  the  cerebellum.     (Plate 
VII.,  A.) 

3.  The  fifth  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  the  Trigeminal, 
arise  by  two  roots  on  either  side  of  the  pons  Va- 
rolii.    (Plate  VII.,  A.) 

4.  The  sixth  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  the  Abducens, 
leave   the   surface   of  the   brain   at    the    posterior 
margin    of   the   pons   near   the    mid-ventral    line. 
(Plate  VII.,  A.) 

5.  The  Anterior  Pyramids  are  the  two  longitudinal 


6O  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

bands  of  fibres,  lying  on  either  side  of  the  mid- 
ventral  line,  just  posterior  to  the  pons.  They  are 
a  direct  continuation  of  the  fibres  of  the  medulla. 
(Plate  VII.,  A.) 

6.  The  Corpus  Trapezoides  is  a  transverse  band  of 
fibres,  posterior  to  the  pons  Varolii,  covered,  in 
the  mid-line,   by  the  anterior   pyramids.       (Plate 
VII.,  A.) 

7.  The  Olivary  Body  is  the  oval  elevation  just  pos- 
terior to  the  corpus  trapezoides  and  lateral  to  the 
anterior  pyramids.     (Plate  VII.,  A.) 

8.  The  seventh  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  the  Facial, 
leave  the  surface  of  the  brain  at  the  outer  anterior 
angles  of  the  corpus  trapezoides.     (Plate  VII.,  A.) 

9.  The  eighth  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  the  Auditory, 
emerge  from  the  brain  at  the  outer  borders  of  the 
corpus  trapezoides,  just  posterior  to  the  origin  of 
the  seventh.     (Plate  VI L,  A.) 

C. — Medulla  Oblongata. 

1.  The  Medulla  Oblongata  is  the  part  of  the  brain 
lying  posterior  to,  and  below,  the  cerebellum.     It 
is  the  expanded  anterior  portion  of  the  spinal  cord, 
and  is  composed  of  a  dorsal,  a  lateral,  and  a  ven- 
tral pair  of  fibrous  bundles.     (Plate  VII.,  A  and 
c.) 

2.  The  Posterior  Pyramids  are  the  two  dorsal  bun- 
dles of  fibres,  lying  one  on  either  side  of  the  me- 
dian fissure.     Anteriorly  they  blend  with  the  res- 
tiform  bodies. 


NERVOUS   SYSTEM  6 1 

3.  The  Restiform  Bodies  are  the  slightly  enlarged 
portions  of  the  medulla  which  form  the  connec- 
tion between  the  posterior  pyramids  and  the  infe- 
rior peduncles  of  the  cerebellum. 

4.  The  ninth  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  the  Glosso- 
pharyngeal,  leave  the  ventral  side  of  the  medulla 
by  several  roots.     (Plate  VII.,  A.) 

5.  The  tenth  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  the  Vagus,  or 
Pneumogastric,  arise  just  posterior  to  the  ninth,  by 
several  roots.     (Plate  VII.,  A.) 

6.  The  eleventh  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  the  Spinal 
Accessory,  arise  by  a  series  of  roots  from  the  sides 
of  the  spinal  cord  and  medulla  oblongata.     They 
run  anteriorly  and  enter  the  cavity  of  the  skull. 
(Plate  VII.,  A.) 

7.  The  twelfth  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  the  Hypo- 
glossal,  arise  by  several  roots  from  the  ventral  sur- 
face of  the  medulla,  between  the  anterior  pyramids 
and  the  olivary  bodies.     (Plate  VII.,  A.) 

INTERNAL  ANATOMY  OF  THE  BRAIN. 

Slice  off  the  upper  part  of  the  right  hemisphere  to 
a  level  with  the  corpus  callosum. 

1.  The  Gray  Matter  will  be  seen  as  a  narrow,  con- 
voluted, cortical  layer,  surrounding  the  inner  or 
medullary  portion,  the  White  Matter.     (Plate  VII., 

B.) 

2.  The  Corpus  Callosum  can  now  be  more  clearly 
seen  and  its  fibres  traced  into  the  cerebral  lobes. 


62  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

Carefully  remove  the  corpus  callosum  and  expose 
the  cavity  below. 

3.  The  Lateral  Ventricles  are   the   two  irregular- 
shaped  cavities,  extending  below  the  corpus  cal- 
losum, through    the  greater   part   of   each  hemi- 
sphere.    The    anterior   portion    of   the   ventricle, 
which  is  continued  forward  and  downward  into 
the  anterior  part  of  the  hemisphere,  is  the  anterior 
cornu.     The  continuation   of  the  ventricle  back- 
ward and  downward  forms  the  descending  cornn, 
while  the  reduced  posterior  part  is  the  posterior 
cornu.     (Plate  VII.,  B.) 

4.  The  Septum  Lucidum  is  the  partition  separating 
the  anterior  cornua  of  the  two  lateral  ventricles. 

5.  The  Corpus  Striatum  is  the  more  or  less  oval 
mass,   projecting  into  the  cavity  of  the  anterior 
cornu  from  its  outer  wall.     (Plate  VII.,  B.) 

6.  The  Hippocampus  Major  is  the  large  oval  pro- 
jection forming  the  floor  of  the  posterior  part  of 
the  lateral  ventricle  and  descending  cornu.     Over 
its  surface  passes  a  thin  vascular  layer,  the  choroid 
plexus.     (Plate  VII.,  B.) 

7.  The  Fornix  is  formed  by  two  bands  of  fibres 
(the  anterior  pillars  of  the  fornix},  which  pass 
dorsally  from  the  corpora  albicantia,  and  unite  just 
under  the  anterior  end  of  the   corpus    callosum. 
The  triangular  sheet  formed  by  then;  union  (the 
body  of  the  fornix)   lies   immediately    under   the 
corpus  callosum.      Posteriorly  it  again  divides  into 


NERVOUS    SYSTEM  63 

two  diverging  bands  of  fibres  (the  posterior  pil- 
lars of  the  fornix},  which  pass  out  along  the  floor 
of  the  lateral  ventricles  between  the  corpus  stri- 
atum  and  the  hippocampus  major.  (Plate  VI I. , 
B  and  c.) 

Cut  across  the  posterior  pillars  of  the  for  nix  and 
hippocampus  major,  and  reflect  them. 

8.  The  Optic  Thalamus  is  the  rounded  prominence 
immediately  below   the  hippocampus  major    and 
the  posterior  pillars  of  the  fornix.     It  lies  just  an- 
terior to  the    corpora  quadrigemina.      The  optic 
tracts  pass  over  its  lateral  surface. 

9.  The  Corpus  Geniculatum  is  a  small,  prominent 
elevation,  just  posterior  to  the  optic  tract  and  be- 
tween it  and  the  corpora  quadrigemina. 

10.  The  Foramen  of  Munro  is  a   narrow,   slit-like 
opening,  lying  between  the  descending  pillars  of 
the  fornix  and  the  optic  thalamus.     This  passage, 
together  with  its  fellow  of  the  opposite  side,  forms 
a  Y-shaped  canal,  connecting  the  two  lateral  ven- 
tricles with  a  median  cavity,  already  mentioned, 
the  third  ventricle. 

Remove  the  portion  of  the  corpus  callosum  remain- 
ing between  the  posterior  pillars  of  the  fornix, 
being  careful  not  to  injure  tlic  delicate  mem- 
brane immediately  below. 

1 1.  The  Velum  Interpositum  is  the  thin  membrane 
forming  the   roof  of  the  cavity   (third  ventricle) 


64  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

behind  and  below  the  body  of  the  fornix.  The 
margins  of  this  membrane  are  very  vascular,  and 
are  known  as  the  choroid  plexuses.  These  plex- 
uses are  continued  through  the  foramina  of  Munro 
to  form  the  choroid  plexuses  of  the  lateral  ven- 
tricles. The  velum  is  somewhat  thickened  poste- 
riorly to  form  the  pineal  gland.  (Plate  VII.,  c.) 

12.  The  Third  Ventricle,  before  mentioned,  is  the 
very  narrow  cavity  of  the  brain  lying  between  the 
optic  thalami.      It  is  bounded  above  by  the  velum 
interpositum,  and  below  by    the    lamina   cinerea, 
corpora  albicantia,  crura  cerebri,  and  the  infundib- 
ulum,  and  with  the  cavity  of  the  latter  it  is  contin- 
uous.    It  opens  anteriorly  into  the  two  lateral  ven- 
tricles through  the  foramina  of  Munro.      (Plate 
VII.,  c.) 

Make   a    median,,   vertical,    longitudinal    section 
throiigh  the  remaining  portion  of  the  brain. 

1 3.  The  Anterior  Commissure  is  a  delicate   trans- 
verse  band   of   fibres,   passing  between   the   two 
hemispheres,  in  front  of  the  anterior  pillars  of  the 
fornix.     It  connects  the  two  corpora  striata.     The 
lamina  cinerea  passes  between   it  and  the    optic 
chiasma.     (Plate  VII.,  c.) 

14.  The    Middle   or   Soft  Commissure   is    a    much 
larger  band  of  transverse  fibres  and  cells  connect- 
ing the  optic  thalami.     It  passes  across  the  upper 
part  of  the  third  ventricle.      (Plate  VII.,  c.) 

15.  The  Posterior  Commissure  joins  the  dorsal  por- 


NERVOUS   SYSTEM  65 

tions  of  the  optic  thalami,  and  forms  the  posterior 
wall  of  the  third  ventricle,  just  in  front  of  the  cor- 
pora quadrigemina.  (Plate  VII.,  c.) 

1 6.  The  Aqueduct  of  Sylvius  is  the  narrow  canal 
passing  posteriorly  from  the  third  ventricle,  be- 
neath the  corpora  quadrigemina   and   above   the 
crura  cerebri.     (Plate  VII.,  c.) 

1 7.  The  Fourth  Ventricle  is  the  cavity  of  the  brain 
posterior   to   the    aqueduct    of    Sylvius,   bounded 
above  by  the  valve  of  Vieussens  and  the  cerebel- 
lum, and  below  and  laterally  by  the  medulla  ob- 
longata.     It   is   continuous   posteriorly   with   the 
central  canal  vi  the  spinal  cord.     (Plate  VII.,  c.) 

1 8.  The  Arbor  Vitae   is  the   name  given  to  the 
branching  structure  of  white  matter  in  the  cere- 
bellum.     It  is  best  seen  in  the  section  just  made. 
(Plate  VII.,  c.) 

DISTRIBUTION   OF  THE  CRANIAL  NERVES. 

1.  The  Olfactory  Nerves   (I.)   are   delicate   fibres 
which  arise  from  the  olfactory  lobes  of  the  brain, 
pass  through  the  ethmoid  bone,  and  are  distrib- 
uted to  the  Schneiderian  membrane  of  the  nose. 

2.  The  Optic  Nerve  (II.)  passes  through  the  op- 
tic foramen,  and  enters  the  posterior  surface  of  the 
eyeball. 

3.  The  Oculo-motor  Nerve  (HI.)  passes'through  the 
sphenoidal  fissure  of  the  skull,  and  is  distributed  to 
certain  muscles  of  the  eyeball  (superior,  inferior, 

5 


66  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

and  internal  recti,   and  inferior  oblique)  and  the 
levator  muscle  of  the  lid. 

4.  The  Pathetic  Nerve  (IV.)  passes  through  the 
sphenoidal    fissure    to    another    muscle    (superior 
oblique)  of  the  eyeball. 

5.  The    Trigeminal    Nerve    (V.),    soon     after    it 
emerges  from  the  brain,  enlarges  into  the  Gasso- 
rian  ganglion.     It  then  separates  into  three  divis- 
ions :    the    ophthalmic,  which  passes  through  the 
sphenoidal  fissure  and  is  distributed  to  the  lachry- 
mal gland,  upper  lid,  and  conjunctiva  of  the  eye, 
and  the  skin  of  the  nose  and  forehead  ;  the  max- 
illary, which  passes  through  the  foramen   rotun- 
dum  and  supplies  the  lower  eyelid,   side  of   the 
nose,  upper  teeth,  and  the  roof  of  the  mouth  and 
pharynx  ;    and    the    rnandibular,    which     passes 
through  the  foramen  ovale  and  supplies  the  mus- 
cles and  skin  of  the  side  of  the  head,  muscles  of 
mastication,  lower  lip,  teeth,  salivary  glands,  and 
inside  of  the  mouth. 

6.  The  Abducens  Nerve  (VI.)  passes  through  the 
sphenoidal  fissure  and  supplies  muscles  of  the  eye- 
ball. 

7.  The  Facial  Nerve  (VII.)  passes  through  the 
stylo-mastoid  foramen  and  supplies  the  muscles  of 
the  face  and  head. 

8.  The  Auditory  Nerve  (VIII.)  enters  the  inter- 
nal auditory  meatus  and  is  distributed  to  the  in- 
ternal ear. 

9.  The    Glosso-pharyngeal    Nerve    (IX.)    emerges 


NERVOUS   SYSTEM  67 

from  the  jugular  foramen  of  the  skull,  and  is  dis- 
tributed to  the  root  of  the  tongue,  soft  palate,  and 
pharynx. 

10.  The  Vagus  Nerve  (X.)  also  emerges  from  the 
jugular  foramen.     It  has  two  ganglia,  one  within 
the  skull,  at  the  point  where  it  enters  the  foramen, 
and  another,  outside  the  skull,  a  short  distance  be- 
yond the  foramen.     The  nerve  passes  down  the 
neck,  between  the   internal  jugular  vein  and  the 
carotid  artery,  enters  the  thorax,  and  there  passes 
along  the  oesophagus  and  posterior  mediastinum. 
It  sends  branches  to  the  following  organs  :    phar- 
ynx,   larynx,    heart,   lungs,    oesophagus,   stomach, 
liver,  and  spleen. 

11.  The  Spinal  Accessory  Nerve  (XI.)  passes  ante- 
riorly along  the  side  of  the  spinal  cord,  enters  the 
skull  by  the  foramen  magnum,  and  again  emerges 
from  the  jugular  foramen  in  two  branches.     One 
branch  fuses  with  the  vagus  nerve  at  the  first  gan- 
glion of  the  latter  ;  the  other  branch  is  distributed 
to  the  sterno-mastoid  and  trapezii  muscles. 

12.  The  Hypoglossal  Nerve  (XII.)  leaves  the  skull 
by  the  anterior  condyloid  foramen,  passes  back  to 
the  lower  side  of  the  digastric  muscle,  then  for- 
ward above  the  hyoid  bone  to  the  under  side  of 
the  tongue. 

SPINAL   CORD. 

The  Spinal  Cord  is  the  posterior  continuation  of 
the  medulla  oblongata,  which  lies  in  the  neural 


68  DISSECTION   OF  THE   CAT 

canal  of  the  spinal  column.  It  is  composed,  as  is 
the  medulla,  of  an  inner  core  of  gray  matter  and 
of  external  columns  of  white  fibres.  A  median 
longitudinal  fissure  extends  along  both  the  mid- 
dorsal  and  mid-ventral  lines.  In  the  brachial  and 
lumbar  regions  the  cord  becomes  somewhat  broad- 
ened, to  form  the  cervical  and  lumbar  enlarge- 
ments. In  the  sacral  region  the  cord  ends  in  a 
small  nerve-filament,  the  filum  terminate.  The 
filum  terminale,  together  with  the  sacral  nerves, 
which  lie  parallel  with  each  other  for  some  dis- 
tance in  the  vertebral  canal,  form  the  caiida  equina. 

SPINAL   NERVES. 

The  Spinal  Nerves  each  arise  from  the  spinal  cord 
by  a  dorsal  and  ventral  root,  and  pass  out  from  the 
neural  canal  through  an  intervertebral  foramen. 
The  dorsal  root  bears  a  ganglion.  After  emerg- 
ing from  the  neural  canal,  each  nerve  divides  into 
a  dorsal  and  ventral  branch. 

A— Brachial  Plexus.     (Plate  VII.,  D.) 

The  Brachial  Plexus  is  the  net-like  arrangement 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  ventral  divisions  of 
the  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  cervical  and  first  tho- 
racic nerves.  Its  branches  supply  the  region  of 
the  shoulder  and  arm.  The  principal  nerves  aris- 
ing from  the  brachial  plexus  are  : 

i.  A  small  nerve,  which  supplies  the  rhom- 
boideus  muscle. 


NERVOUS   SYSTEM  69 

2.  The  .Suprascapular  Nerve,  which   supplies   the 
supra-  and  infra-spinal  us  muscles. 

3.  Several  Subscapular  Nerves,  which  supply  the 
subscapular,  teres  major,  and  latissimus  dorsi  mus- 
cles. 

4.  The  Musculo-cutaneous  Nerve,   which    supplies 
the  biceps,  the  brachialis  anticus,  and  coraco-bra- 
chialis  muscles,  and  the  skin  of  the  outer  side  of 
the  fore-leg  below  the  elbow. 

5.  The  Circumflex  Nerve,  which  passes  between 
the  subscapular  and  teres  major  muscles,  and  sup- 
plies the  deltoid  and  teres  minor  muscles  and  the 
skin  of  the  shoulder. 

6.  The  Musculo-spiral  Nerve,  which  winds  around 
the  humerus  and  is  distributed  to  the  skin  and 
muscles  of  the  fore-leg. 

7.  The  Median  Nerve,  which  passes  through  the 
internal  condyloid  foramen  and  supplies  muscles 
on  the  ventral  side  of  the  fore-leg. 

8.  The  Ulnar  Nerve,  which  is  distributed  to  the 
muscles  and  skin  of  the  fore-leg. 

9.  The  Internal  Cutaneous  Nerve,   which  supplies 
the  skin  on  the  inner  side  of  the  fore-leg. 

10.  The   Anterior  Thoracic  Nerve,  which    supplies 
the  pectoral   muscles  and   part   of   the  latissimus 
dorsi  muscle. 

B.—  Lumbar  Plexus.     (Plate  VII.,  E.) 

The  Lumbar  Plexus  is  composed  of  the  ventral 
divisions  of  the  fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  and   seventh 


70  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

lumbar,  and  first  sacral  nerves.  Its  branches  are 
distributed  to  the  regions  of  the  pelvis  and  hind- 
leg.  The  principal  nerves  arising  from  the  lumbar 
plexus  are  : 

1.  The  Ilio-hypogastric  Nerve,  which  supplies  the 
skin  of  the  abdomen. 

2.  The    Ilio-inguinal  Nerve,    which    supplies    the 
skin  of  the  inguinal  region  and  external  genera- 
tive organs. 

3.  The  Genito-crural  Nerve,  which  passes  beneath 
Poupart's  ligament  and  supplies  the  skin  of  the 
thigh  and  the  spermatic  cord. 

4.  The  External  Cutaneous  Nerve,  which  also  passes 
beneath  Poupart's  ligament  and  supplies  the  skin 
of  the  hip  and  thigh. 

5.  The  Anterior  Crural  Nerve,  which  passes  down 
the  front  of  the  thigh   and  supplies  the  skin  and 
muscles  of  the  thigh  and  leg. 

6.  The  Obturator  Nerve,  which  passes  along  the 
side  of  the  pelvis  and  through  the  obturator  fora- 
men. 

7.  The  Great  Sciatic  Nerve,  the  largest  nerve  of 
the  body,  which  passes  through  the  sacral  sciatic 
notch,  between  the  tuberosity  of  the  ischium  and 
the  great  trochanter  of  the  femur,  and  then  down 
the  hind-leg  to  innervate  the  thigh,  leg,  and  foot. 

8.  The   Lesser  Sciatic  Nerve,   which   supplies  the 
muscles  of  the  back  of  the  hip  and  thigh. 

9.  The  Caudal  Nerve,  which  runs  down  the  side 
of  the  tail  and  supplies  its  muscles. 


NERVOUS   SYSTEM  /I 

SYMPATHETIC   SYSTEM. 

The  Sympathetic  Nervous  System  consists,  first,  of 
a  delicate,  double  chain  of  ganglia,  extending 
along  the  ventral  side  of  the  spinal  column  from 
the  head  to  the  tail,  and,  secondly,  of  numerous 
branches  and  ganglia  throughout  the  body.  The 
branches  of  both  divisions  are  distributed  to  the 
viscera  and  blood-vessels.  In  the  head  they  com- 
municate with  many  of  the  cranial  nerves,  and  in 
the  trunk  with  the  spinal  nerves. 

In  the  thorax  the  two  sympathetic  cords  may 
be  seen  lying  along  the  line  of  the  heads  of  the 
ribs,  between  the  pleura  and  intercostal  blood- 
vessels. In  the  lumbar  region  the  cords  lie 
nearer  together  on  the  bodies  of  the  vertebrae, 
at  the  inner  margins  of  the  psoas  muscles.  In 
the  sacral  region  the  cords  unite  in  a  single  gan- 
glion. 

There  are  three  plexuses  of  nerves  and  ganglia 
connected  with  the  sympathetic  system  : 

1.  The  Cardiac  Plexus   lies   at   the    base  of  the 
heart  on  the  aorta  and  pulmonary  artery.     It  re- 
ceives branches  from  the  vagus  and  cervical  sym- 
pathetic ganglion,  and  innervates  the  heart. 

2.  The   Solar  Plexus   lies    between    the   adrenal 
bodies,  stomach,  aorta,  and  crura  of  the  diaphragm. 
It  receives  branches  from  the  vagus,  cardiac  plex- 
us, and  sympathetic  cords,  and  sends  nerves  to  the 
abdominal  viscera. 


72  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

3.  The  Hypogastric  Plexus  lies  between  the  right 
and  left  iliac  arteries.  It  receives  branches  from 
the  solar  plexus  and  lumbar  part  of  the  sympa- 
thetic cords,  and  sends  branches  to  the  pelvic  vis- 
cera. 


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CHAPTER   VI 
EYE 

APPENDAGES   OF  THE   EYE. 

1.  The  Eyelids  are  two  folds  of  skin,  one  dorsal, 
one  ventral,  which  guard  the  anterior  portion  of 
the  eyeball.      There  are  no  "  eyelashes,"  but  the 
whole  external  surface  of  the  lid  is  covered  with 
hair.     The  inner  surface  of  the  lid  is  covered  with 
mucous  membrane,  which  is  continuous  over  the 
front  of  the  eyeball,  and  is  known  as  the  conjunc- 
tiva.    The  angles  where  the  two  eyelids  meet  are 
known  respectively  as  the  inner  canthus  and  outer 
can  thus  of  the  eye. 

2.  The  Puncta  Lachrymalia  are  two  small  open- 
ings situated  on  each  eyelid  a  short  distance  from 
the  inner  canthus.     They  open  into  two  lachrymal 
canals,  which  unite  to  form  the  lachrymal  duct, 
which  opens  into  the  nasal  cavity. 

3.  The  Meibomian  Glands  are  the  parallel  rows  of 
yellowish  glands  situated  on  the  inner  surface  near 
the  edge  of  each  lid. 

4.  The  Nictitating  Membrane,  or  "  third  eyelid,"  is 
a  large  fold  of  membrane  arising  from  the  inner 
canthus  of  the  eye,  between  the  lids  and  the  eye- 


74  DISSECTION   OF   THE   CAT 

ball.     It  consists  of  folds  of  conjunctiva,  strength- 
ened by  a  cartilage  at  its  free  margin. 

5.  The  Harderian  Gland  is  a  small  gland  situated 
on  the  nictitating  membrane. 

6.  The  Lachrymal  Gland  lies  in   the   upper  and 
outer  part  of  the  orbit,  between  the  wall  of  the  or- 
bit and  the  eyeball.     Its  duct  opens  on  the  inner 
surface  of  the  upper  eyelid,  just  above  the  outer 
canthus. 

Remove  the  zygomatic  arch  and  the  underlying 
tmiscles,  cut  away  the  coronoid  process  of  the 
mandible,  and  expose  the  lateral  siirface  of 
the  eyeball,  being  careful  not  to  disturb  its  at- 
tachment. 

7.  The   External  Rectus  Muscle    of    the    eyeball 
arises  from  the  wall  of  the  orbit  just  external  to 
the  optic  foramen.     It  is  inserted   on  the  outer 
(lateral)  surface  of  the  eyeball. 

8.  The  Inferior  Rectus  Muscle  arises  from  the  ven- 
tral margin  of  the  optic  foramen,  and  is  inserted 
on  the  ventral  side  of  the  eyeball. 

9.  The  Inferior  Oblique  Muscle  arises  from  the  or- 
bital process  of  the  maxillary  bone,  and  is  inserted 
on  the  eyeball,  on  its  ventral  and  outer  side,  along 
the  edge  of  the  external  rectus  muscle. 

10.  The  Internal  Rectus  Muscle  arises  from  the  in- 
ner margin  of  the  optic  foramen  and  is  inserted  on 
the  inner  side  of  the  eyeball. 

11.  The   Superior  Rectus  Muscle   arises  from   the 


EYE  75 

dorsal  margin  of  the  optic  foramen  and  is  inserted 
on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  eyeball. 

12.  The  Superior  Oblique  Muscle  arises  from  the 
margin   of  the  optic  foramen.      Nearly  opposite 
the  middle  of  the  eyeball  it  becomes  tendinous, 
and  passes  through  a  fibro-cartilaginous  ring,  situ- 
ated on  the  inner  dorsal  side  of  the  orbit ;  it  then 
passes  toward  the  eyeball  and  is  inserted  on  the 
dorsal  side,  at  right  angles  to  the  insertion  of  the 
superior  rectus  muscle. 

1 3.  The  Choanoid  Muscles  arise  around  the  optic 
foramen  and  are  inserted  on  the  circumference  of 
the  eyeball,  within  the  insertion  of  the  recti  mus- 
cles. 

EYEBALL. 

Remove  the  eyeball  from  the  orbit  by  ciitting 
through  the  muscles  and  optic  nerve.  Dis- 
sect off  the  fat  and  other  tissiies  adhering  to 
its  surface. 

1.  The  Sclerotic  Coat  is  the  white,  opaque  portion 
of  the  external  coat  of  the  eye.      It  is  pierced  by 
the  optic  nerve,  near  the  middle  point  of  its  poste- 
rior  surface.     The  sclerotic  coat  is  composed  of 
smooth,  white,  fibrous  tissue,  and  gives  solidity  to 
the  eyeball. 

2.  The  Cornea  is  the  transparent  anterior  portion 
of  the  external  coat.     Its  outer  surface  is  covered 
by  the  conjunctiva. 


76  DISSECTION   OF  THE   CAT 

Divide  the  eye  into  an  anterior  and  posterior  half. 

3.  The  Vitreous  Humor  is  the  transparent,  jelly- 
like  mass  filling  the  posterior  chamber  of  the  eye, 
which  has  now  been  exposed. 

4.  The   Retina   is   the    innermost    of  the   three 
coats   of   the   eye.       It   is   a   delicate    membrane 
formed  by  the  expansion  of  the  optic  nerve  on 
the  interior  of  the  eye.     The  optic  disc,  or  blind 
spot,  is  the  small,  white,, round  area  at  the  point 
where  the  optic  nerve  pierces  the  sclerotic  and 
choroid  coats  and  expands  into  the  retina.     The 
blood-vessels  supplying  the  retina  radiate  from  the 
blind  spot. 

5.  The  Choroid  is  the  thin  coat  of  the  eye  lying 
between  the  sclerotic  and  the  retina.     It  is  of  a 
dark  color,  owing  to  the  pigment  which  is  every- 
where present,  except  in  a  circular  area  on  the 
back   of  the  choroid,   around  and  above   the   en- 
trance of  the  optic  nerve.     This  spot  is  of  a  lighter 
color,  and  is  known  as  the  tapetum. 

6.  The   Ciliary  Processes   are  the   irregular  folds 
into  which  the  choroid  is  thrown  at  the  margin  of 
the  cornea. 

7.  The  Ora  Serrata  is  the  anterior  toothed  mar- 
gin of  the  retina.     It  lies  around  the  periphery  of 
the  ciliary  processes. 

8.  The  Crystalline  Lens   is  a  transparent,  double 
convex   body,   situated  in   front   of   the   vitreous 
humor.     It  is  more  convex  anteriorly  than  poste- 


EYE  77 

riorly.     The  lens  is  enveloped  in  a  thin,  transpar- 
ent membrane,  known  as  the  capsule  of  the  lens. 

9.  The    Suspensory  Ligament    is    a    very    delicate 
membrane  attached  to  the  capsule  at  the  edge  of 
the  lens.     It  suspends  the   lens  from  the  ciliary 
processes. 

10.  The  Ciliary  Muscle  is  a  ring  of  radiating  mus- 
cular fibres,  arising  from  the  sclerotic  at  the  edge 
of  the  cornea  and  passing   backward  to  the  cho- 
roid  opposite  the  ciliary  processes.      By  its  contrac- 
tion the  lens  is  made  more  convex. 

11.  The  Iris  is  the  anterior  portion  of  the  cho- 
roid.     It  forms  a  perforated  circular  disc  at  the 
front  of  the  crystalline  lens.     The  perforation  is 
known  as  the/?////. 

12.  The  Aqueous  Humor  is  the  fluid  filling  the  an- 
terior chamber  of  the  eye,  between  the  lens  and 
the  cornea. 


INDEX 


Abdomen,  muscles  of,  28 
Abdominal  cavity,  14,  30 

viscera,  14 

Abduceus  nerve,  59,  66 
Acetabulum,  12 
Acromio-deltoid  muscle,  34 
Acromion  process,  II 
Adductor 'muscle,  42 
Adrenal  bodies,  1 8 
Alimentary  canal,  14 
Anal  glands,  17 
Anconeous  muscle,  38 
Ankle,  13 

Anterior  condyloid  foramen,  5 
Anus,  1 6 
Aorta,  2,  3,  45 
Aponeurosis,  vertebral,  32 
Aqueduct  of  Sylvius,  65 
Aqueous  humor,  77 
Arachnoid,   55 
Arbor  vita:,  65 
Arterial  system,  45 
Arteries,  anterior  circumflex,  47 

anterior  tibial,  50 

axillary,  47 

basilar,  46 

brachial,  47 

brachio-cephalic,  45 

bronchial,  48 

caudal,  50 

cceliac  axis,  48 

coronary,  48 

deep  femoral,  49 

dorsal  of  foot,  50 

epigastric,  49 

external  iliac,  49 

external  plantar,  50 

external  pudic,  50 

facial,  45 

femoral,  49 

gluteal,  50 

hepatic,  48 

ilio-lumbar,  49 


Arteries,  inferior  mesenteric,  49 

inferior  profunda,  47 

innominate,  45 

intercostal,  48 

internal  iliac,  50 

internal  mammary,  46 

internal  plantar,  50 

internal  pudic,  50 

left  carotid,  45 

lingual,  45 

long  thoracic,  47 

muscular  branch  of  carotid,  45 

muscular  branches,  50 

obturator,  49 

ovarian,  49 

phrenic,  48 

popliteal,  50 

post-auricular,  46 

posterior  circumflex,  47 

posterior  tibial,  50 

profunda,  49 

pudic,  50 

pulmonary,  23 

radial,  47 

renal,  49 

right  carotid,  45 

right  sub-clavian,  46 

sciatic,  50 

spermatic,  49 

splenic,  48 

sternal,  46 

subscapular,  57 

superior  intercostal,  46 

superior  mesenteric,  48 

superior  profunda,  47 

superior  thoracic,  47 

superior  vesical,  50 

suprarenal,  48 

temporal,  46 

thyroid,  45 

thyroid  axis,  46 

ulna,  47 

vertebral,  46 
Arytenoid  cartilages,  26 
Astragalus,  13 


So 


INDEX 


Atlas,  9 

Atrium  of  heart,  22 

Auditory  bulla,  5 

meatus,  5 

nerve,  60,  66 
Auricles,  22 
Auricular  appendix,  22 
Axillary  artery,  47 
Axis,  9 
Azygos  vein,  51 

B 

Basi-hyal  bone,  8 
Basilar  artery,  46 
Biceps  femoris  muscle,  39 

muscle,  37 
Bile-duct,  16 
Bladder,  18 
Blind  spot,  76 
Bones,  astragalus,  13 

basi-hyal,  8 

calcaneum,  13 

carpal,  13 

cerato-hyal,  8 

chevron,  9 

clavicle,  10 

epi-hyal,  8 

ethmoid,  7 

femur,  13 

fibula,  13 

frontal,  6 

humerus,  n 

hyoid,  8 

ilium,  12 

innominate,  12 

interparietal,  6 

ischium,  12 

lachrymal,  7 

malar,  6 

mandible,  7 

maxillary,  7 

metacarpal,  12 

metatarsal,  13 

nasal,  7 

occipital,  5 

palatine,  7 

parietal,  6 

patella,  13 

phalanges,  12 

pollex,  12 

premaxillary,  7 

presphenoid,  6 


Bones,  pubis,  12 

radius,  n 

ribs,  10 

scapula,  10 

sphenoid,  6 

sternum,  10 

stylo-hyal,  8 

tarsal,  13 

temporal,  5 

thyro-hyal,  8 

tibia,  13 

turbinated,  7 

ulna,  II 

vertebrae,  8,  9 

vomer,  7 
Brachial  artery,  47 

plexus,  68 

Brachialis  anticus  muscle,  37 
Brachio-cephalic  artery,  45 

vein,  51 
Brain,  external  anatomy,  56 

internal  anatomy,  61 

preparation  of,  I 
Bronchi,  21 
Bronchial  arteries,  48 
Buccal  glands,  24 
Bulla,  auditory,  5 


C 

Caecum,  16 
Calcaneum,  13 
Canine  teeth,  7,  8 
Canthus  of  eye,  73 
Capsule  of  lens,  77 
Caput  epididymis,  19 
Cardiac  plexus,  71 
Carotid  artery,  45 
Carpal  bones,  12 
Cartilage,  costal,  10 

ensiform,  10 

tympano-hyal,   8 
Cauda  epididymis,  19 

equina,  68 
Caudal  artery,  50 

nerve,  70 

vein,  54 

vertebrae,  8,  9 

Cephalo-humeral  muscle,  30,  32 
Cerato-hyal  bone,  8 
Cerebellum,  56,  59 
Cerebral  hemispheres,  56 
Cerebrum,  56 


INDEX 


Si 


Cervical  vertebrae,  8,  9 
Chevron  bones,  9 
Choanoid  muscle,  75 
Chordae  tending,  22 
Choroid,  76 

plexus,  64 
Ciliary  muscle,  77 

processes,  76 
Circumflex  arteries,  47 

nerve,  69 

Circumvallate  papillae,  25 
Clavicle,  10 

Cleido-mastoid  muscle,  33 
Clitoris,  20 
Cceliac  axis,  48 
Colon,  15 

Columnar  carnere,  22 
Commissures  of  brain,  64 
Condyles,  occipital,  5 

of  femur,  13 
Condyloid  foramina,  5 
Conjunctiva,  73 
Coraco-brachialis  muscle,  37 
Cornea,  75 

Cornua  of  lateral  ventricles,  62 
Corocoid  process,  n 
Coronary  artery,  23,  48 

vein,  22 

Coronoid  process,  8,  n 
Corpora  albicantia,  58 

cavernosa,  20 

quadrigemina,  57 
Corpus  callosum,  57,  61 

geniculatum,  63 

spongiosum,  20 

striatum,  62 

trapezoides,  60 
Costal  cartilages,  10 
Cowper's  glands,  19 
Cranial  nerves,  56-61,  65 
Cricoid  cartilage,  26 
Crura  cerebri,  58 

of  cerebellum,  56,  59 

of  diaphragm,  30 

penis,  20 
Crural  nerve,  70 
Crystalline  lens,  76 
Cutaneous  nerves,  69,  70 
Cystic  duct,  17 

1) 

Deltoid  ridge  of  humerus,  1 1 
Dental  formula,  8 


Diaphragm,  30 
Digastric  muscle,  43 
Dorsal  artery  of  foot,  50 

vertebrae,  8,  9 
Duct,  cystic,  17 

lachrymal,  73 

Stenson's,  23 

Wharton's,  24 
Duodenum,  15 
Dura  mater,  55 

E 

Ear,  25 

Ensiform  cartilage,  10 
Epididymis,  19 
Epigastric  artery,  49 
Epiglottis,  26 
Epi-hyal  bone,  8 
Epitrochlear  muscle,  35 
Erector  spinre  muscle,  32 
Ethmoid  bone,  7 
Eustachian  tubes,  25 
External  oblique  muscle,  28 
Eye,  2,  73 
Eyeball,  75 
Eyelids,  73 

F 

Facial  artery,  45 

nerve,  60,  66 

vein,  51 

Falciform  ligament,  16 
Fallopian  tubes,  20 
Falx  cerebri,  55 
Femoral  artery,  49 
Femur,  13 
Fibula,  13 
Filiform  papillae,  25 
Filum  terminale,  68 
Fissure,  sphenoidal,  6 
Foramina,  anterior  condyloid, 

intervertebral,  9 

jugular,  6 

magnum,  5 

obturator,  12 

of  Munro,  63 

optic,  6 

ovale,  6 

rotundum,  6 

stylo-mastoid,  5 

supra-condyloid,  n 


INDEX 


Formalin,  I. 

Fossa,  glenoid,  6 
infraspinous,  1 1 
olecranon,  II 
subscapular,  u 
supraspinous,  1 1 
temporal,  6 

Frontal  bone,  6 

Fundus,  14 

Fungiform  papillae,  25 


Gall-bladder,  17 
Ganglia  of  spinal  nerves,  68 
Gasserian  ganglion,  66 
Genio-hyoid  muscle,  43 
Genito-crural  nerve,  70 
Glands,  anal,  17 

buccal,  24 

Cowper's,  19 

Harderian,  74 

lachrymal,  74 

lymph,  17 

Meibomian,  73 

parotid,  23 

pineal,  57,  64 

prostate,  19 

salivary,  23 

sublingual,  24 

submaxillary,  24 

thymus,  21 

thyroid,  27 

zygomatic,  24 
Glans  penis,  20 
Glenoid  cavity,  n 

fossa, 6 

Glosso-pharyngeal  nerve,  61,  66 
Glottis,  26 
Gluteal  artery,  50 
Glutei  muscles,  39,  40 
Gracilis  muscle,  41 
Gray  matter  of  brain,  61 
Gyri,  56 

H 

Hallux,  13 
Harderian  gland,  74 
Heart,  2,  21,  22 
Heel,  bone  of,  13 
Hemispheres  of  cerebellum,  59 

of  cerebrum,  56 
Hepatic  artery,  48 

vein,  53 


Hilus  of  kidney,  18 
Hippocampus  major,  62 
Humerus,  n 
Hyoid  arch,  8 
Hypogastric  plexus,  72 
Hypoglossal  nerve,  61,  67 


Ileum,  15 

Iliac  arteries,  49,  50 

veins,  53 
Ilio-hypogastric  nerves,  70 

inguinal  nerve,  70 

lumbar  artery,  49 

lumbar  vein,  53 
Ilium,  12 
Incisor  teeth,  7,  8 
Infraspinatus  muscle,  35 
Infraspinous  fossa,  n 
Infundibulum,  58 
Inguinal  canal,  19,  29 
Injection,  I 

mass,  i 
Innominate  artery,  45 

bones,  12 

veins,  51 
Instruments,  i 
Intercostal  arteries,  48 

muscles,  32 
Internal  mammary  artery,  46 

oblique  muscle,  29 
Interparietal  bone,  6 
Intervertebral  foramen,  9 
Intestine,  15 
Iris,  ^  77 
Ischium,  12 

Jaws,  7 
Jejunum,  15 
Jugular  foramen,  6 
veins,  51,  52 


Kidneys,  17 


Lachrymal  bones, 
canals,  73 
duct,  73 
gland,  74 


INDEX 


Lambdoidal  ridge,  5 

Lamina  cinerea,  58 

Large  intestine,  15 

Larynx,  8,  24,  26 

Latissimus  dorsi  muscle,  33,  36 

Lens,  76 

capsule  of,  77 
Levator  anguli  scapulae  muscle,  36 

clavicular  muscle,  34 
Linea  alba,  28 

aspera,  13 
Lingual  artery,  45 
Liver,  16 
Lumbar  plexus,  69 

vertebrae,  8,  9 
Lungs,  21 
Lymphatics,  15 
Lymph  glands,  17 

M 

Malar  bones,  7 

process,  7 
Mandible,  7 
Mandibular  nerve,  66 
Manubrium,  10 
Masseter  muscle,  44 
Maxillary  bones,  7 

nerve,  66 

vein,  51 

Meatus,  external  auditory,  5 
Median  nerve,  69 
Mediastinum,  20 
Medulla  oblongata,  56,  60 
Meibomian  glands,  73 
Mesenteric  arteries,  48,  49 
Mesentery,  15 
Metacarpal  bones,  12 
Metacromion  process,  1 1 
Metatarsal  bones,  13 
Mitral  valve,  23 
Molar  teeth,  7,  8 
Mouth,  24 

Munro,  foramen  of,  63 
Muscles,  28 
Muscles,  acromio-deltoid,  34 

adductor,  42 

anconeus,  38 

anterior  trapezius,  32 

biceps,  37 

biceps  femoris,  39 

brachialis  anticus,  37 

cephalo-humeral,  30,  32 


Muscles,  choanoid,  75 
ciliary,  77 
cleido-mastoid,  33 
coraco-brachialis,  37 
digastric,  43 
epitrochlear,  35 
erector  spinae,  32 
external  intercostal,  32 
external  oblique,  28 
external  rectus,  74 
genio-hyoid,  43 
glutei,  39,  40 
gracilis,  41 
inferior  oblique,  74 
inferior  rectus,  74 
infraspinatus,  35 
internal  intercostal,  32 
internal  oblique,  29 
internal  rectus,  74 
latissimus  dorsi,  33,  36 
levator  anguli  scapulae,  36 
levator  claviculas,  34 
masseter,  44 
middle  trapezius,  33 
mylo-hyoid,  43 
of  abdomen,  28 
of  fore-leg,  32 
of  hind-leg,  39  • 

of  neck,  42 
of  shoulder,  32 
of  thigh,  39 
of  thorax,  30 
pectineus,  42 
pectoralis,  30,  33 
polygastric,  29 
posterior  trapezius,  33 
psoas  magnus,  42 
pyriformis,  41 
quadratus  femoris,  40 
quadriceps  extensor,  41 
rectus  abdominis,  29 
rectus  femoris,  41 
rhomboideus  capitis,  34 
rhomboideus  major,  34 
sartorius,  39 
scaleni,  31 

semimembranosus,  40 
semitendinosus,  40 
serratus  magnus,  36 
serratus  posticus,  32 
spino-deltoid,  34 
splenius,  44 
sternalis,  31 


84 


INDEX 


Muscles,  sterno-hyoid,  43 

sterno-mastoid,  42 

sterno-thyroid,  43 

subscapularis,  36 

superior  oblique,  75 

superior  rectus,  74 

supraspinatus,  35 

temporalis,  44 

tensor  vaginae  femoris,  39 

tenuissimus,  39 

teres  major,  35 

teres  minor,  36 

thyro-hyoid,  43 

transversalis  abdominis,  29 

trapezii,  32,  33 

triceps,  37 

vasti,  41 
Muscular  branches  of  arteries,  50 

branch  of  carotid,  45 
Musculo-cutaneous  nerve,  69 
Musculo-spiral  nerve,  69 
Mylo-hyoid  muscle,  43 


N 

Nares,  25 
Nasal  bones,  7 
Nates,  57 
Nerves,  56 

abduceus,  59,  66 

anterior  crural,  70 

anterior  thoracic,  69 

auditory,  60,  66 

caudal,  70 

circumflex,  69 

cranial,  56-61,  65 

external  cutaneous,  70 

facial,  60,  66 

genito-crural,  70 

glosso-pharyngeal,  61,  66 

great  sciatic,  70 

hypoglossal,  61,  67 

ilio-hypogastric,  70 

ilio-inguinal,  70 

internal  cutaneous,  69 

lesser  sciatic,  70 

mandibular,  66 

maxillary,  66 

median,  69 

musculo-cutaneous,  69 

musculo-spiral,  69 

obturator,  70 

oculomotor,  58,  65 


Nerves,  olfactory,  56,  65 

ophthalmic,  66 

optic,  57,  65 

pathetic,  58,  66 

pneumogastric,  61 

spinal,  68 

spinal  accessory,  61,  67 

subscapular,  69 

suprascapular,  69 

sympathetic,  71 

trigeminal,  59,  66 

ulnar,  69 

vagus,  61,  67 
Nervous  system,  55 
Neural  arch,  8 

canal,  8 

process,  8 
Nictitating  membrane,  73 

O 

Oblique  muscle  of  eyeball,  74,  ~- 
Obturator  artery,  49 

foramen,  12 

nerve,  70 
Occipital  bone,  5 

condyles,  5 

Oculomotor  nerve,  58,  65 
Odontoid  process,  9 
(Esophagus,  14,  21,  26 
Olecranon  fossa,  n 

process,  II 
Olfactory  lobes,  56 

nerves,  56,  65 
Olivary  body,  60 
Omentum,  14 
Ophthalmic  nerve,  66 
Optic  chiasma,  57 

disk,  76 

foramina,  6 

nerves,  57,  65 

thalamus,  63 
Ora  serrata,  76 
Oral  cavity,  25 
Orbits,  7 
Os  penis,  20 
Ovarian  arteries,  49 

veins,  53 
Ovaries,  20 


Pancreas,  16 
Aselli,  17 


INDEX 


Palate,  24 
Palatine  bones,  7 
Palmar  arch,  48 
Parietal  bones,  6 
Parotid  gland,  23 
Patella,  13 

Pathetic  nerve,  58,  66 
Pectineus  muscle,  42 

'ectoralis  muscle,  30,  33 

'eduncles  of  cerebellum,  59 

^Ivic-girdle,  12 

'elvis,  9,  12 

of  kidney,  18 

'enis,  19 

'ericardium,  22 
Peritoneum,  14 
Phalanges,  12,  13 
Pharyngeal  cavity,  25 
Pharynx,  21,  24,  25 
Phrenic  artery,  48 
Phrenic  vein,  53 
Pia  mater,  55 
Pig,  2 

Pillars  of  fornix,  62 
Pineal  gland,  56,  64 
Pituitary  body,  58 
Plantar  artery,  50 
Platysma  myoides,  28 
Pleurae,  21 
Plexus,  brachial,  68 
cardiac,  71 
choroid,  64 
hypogastric,  72 
lumbar,  69 
solar,  71 

Pneumogastric  nerve,  61,  67 
Pollex,  12 

Polygastric  muscle,  29 
Pons  Varolii,  56,  59 
Popliteal  artery,  50 
Portal  system,  54 
Portal  vein,  54 
Postauricular  artery,  46 
Post-cava,  53 
Post-orbital  process,  6 
Poupart's  ligament,  28 
Pme-cava,  51 
Premaxillary  bones,  7 
Premolar  teeth,  7,  8 
Prepuce,  20 
Presphenoid  bone,  6 
Processes,  acromion,  n 
ciliary,  76 


Processes,  corocoid,  n 

coronoid,  8,  n 

malar,  7 

metacromion,  n 

neural,  8 

odontoid,  9 

olecranon,  n 

post-orbital,  6 

transverse,  8 

zygomatic,  6 
Profunda  arteries,  47,  49 
Prostate  gland,  19 
Psoas  magnus  muscle,  42 
Pubis,  12 
Pudic  artery,  50 
Pulmonary  artery,  23 

vein,  23 

Puncta  lachrymalia,  73 
Pupil,  77 
Pylorus,  15 
Pyramid  of  kidney,  18 
Pyramids,  anterior,  of  cerebellum, 

59 
posterior,  of  medulla,  60 


Quadratus  femoris  muscle,  40 
Quadriceps  extensor  muscle,  41 


R 


Radial  artery,  47 

Radius,  II 

Rectum,  16 

Rectus  abdominis  muscle,  29 

femoris  muscle,  41 

muscles  of  eyeball,  74 
Renal  arteries,  49 

veins,  53 

Reproductive  system,  18 
Restiform  bodies,  61 
Retina,  76 
Rhomboideus  capitis  muscle,  34 

major  muscle,  34  , 

Ribs,  10 


Sacral  vertebra;,  8,  9 
Salivary  glands,  23 
Sartorius  muscle,  39 
Scaleni  muscles,  31 
Scapula,  10 


86 


INDEX 


Schneiderian  membrane,  26 
Sciatic  arteries,  50 

nerves,  70 
Sclerotic,  75 
Scrotal  sac,  1 8 
Semilunar  valves,  23 
Semi-membranosus  muscle,  40 
Semi-tendinosus  muscle,  40 
Septum  lucidum,  62 
Serous  fluid,  22 
Serratus  magnus  muscle,  36 

posticus  muscle,  32 
Shoulder-blade,  10 
Shoulder-girdle,  10 
Skeleton,  appendicular,  10 

axial,  5 
Skull,  5 

Small  intestine,  15 
Solar  plexus,  71 
Spermatic  arteries,  49 

cord,  19 

veins,  53 

Sphenoidal  fissure,  6 
Sphenoid  bone,  6 
Spigelian  lobe  of  liver,  17 
Spinal  accessory  nerve,  61,  67 

column,  8 

cord,  67 

nerves,  68 

Spine  of  scapula,  10 
Spino-deltoid  muscle,  34 
Spleen,  17 
Splenic  artery,  48 
Splenius  muscle,  44 
Stenson's  duct,  23 
Sternal  artery,  46 

veins,  51 

Sternalis  muscle,  31 
Sternebrre,  10 
Sterno-hyoid  muscle,  43 
Sterno-mastoid  muscle,  42 
Sterno-thyroid  muscle,  43 
Sternum,  10 
Stomach,  14 
Stylo-hyal  bone,  8 
Stylo-mastoid  foramen,  5 
Subclavian  arteries,  46,  48 

veins,  52 

Sublingual  glands,  24 
Submaxillary  gland,  24 
Subscapular  artery,  47 

fossa,  n 

nerve,  69 


Subscapularis  muscle,  36 
Sulci,  56 

Superior  intercostal  artery,  46 
Supracondyloid  foramen,  II 
Suprarenal  arteries,  48 

veins,  53 

Suprascapular  nerve,  69 
Supraspinatus  muscle,  35 
Supraspinous  fossa,  n 
Suspensory  ligament,  77 
Sympathetic  system,  71 
Symphysis  of  jaw,  7 

pubis,  12 


Tapetum,  2,  76 
Tarsal  bones,  13 
Teeth,  7,  8 
Temporal  artery,  46 

bones,  5 

fossa,  6 

vein,  51 

Temporalis  muscle,  44 
Tensor  vaginae  femoris  muscle,  39 
Tentorium,  55 
Tenuissimus  muscle,  39 
Teres  major  muscle,  35 

minor  muscle,  36 
Testes,  18 

of  brain,  57 
Thoracic,  anterior,  nerve,  69 

cavity,  30 

long,  artery,  47 

superior,  artery,  47 

viscera,  21 
Thorax,  10,  21 

muscles  of,  30 
Thymus  gland,  21 
Thyro-hyal  bone,  8 
Thyro-hyoid  muscle,  43 
Thyroid  artery,  45 

axis,  46 

cartilage,  26 

glands,  27 
Tibia,  13 
Tibial  arteries,  50 
Toes,  13 
Tongue,  25 
Tonsils,  25 
Trachea,  21,  27 

Transversalis  abdominis  muscle,  29 
Transverse  processes,  8 

vein,  52 


INDEX 


Trapezii  muscles,  32,  33 
Triceps  muscle,  37 
Tricuspid  valve,  22 
Trigeminal  nerves,  59,  66 
Trochanter  of  femur,  13 
Tuber  cinereum,  58 
Tuberosities  of  tibia,  13 
Tuberosity  of  humerus,  n 

of  ischium,  12 
Tunica  albuginea,  19 

vaginalis,  19 
Turbinated  bones,  7 
Tympano-hyal  cartilage,  8 

U 

Ulna,  ii 
Dinar  artery,  47 

nerve,  69 
Ureter,  18 
Urethra,  18 
Urinary  system,  17 
Urine-genital  canal,  19,  20 
Uterus,  20 


Vagina,  20 
Vagus  nerve,  61,  67 
Valve  of  Vieussens,  57 
Valves,  mitral,  23 

semilunar,  23 

tricuspid,  22 
Vascular  system,  45 
Vas  deferens,  19 
Vasti  muscles,  41 
Veins,  azygos,  51 

brachio-cephalic,  51 

caudal,  54 

common  iliac,  53 

coronary,  22 

external  jugular,  51 

facial,  51 

hepatic,  53 

iliac,  53 

ilio-lumbar,  53 

inferior  vena  cava,  22,  53 

innominate,  51 

internal  jugular,  52 

internal  maxillary,  51 

jugulars,  51,  52 

ovarian,  53 


Veins,  phrenic,  53 

portal,  54 

post-cava,  53 

proe-cava,  51 

pulmonary,  23 

renal,  53 

spermatic,  53 

sternal,  51 

subclavian,  52 

superior  vena  cava,  22,  51 

suprarenal,  53 

temporal,  51 

transverse,  52 

vena  cava  inferior,  22,  53 

vena  cava,  superior,  22,  51 

vertebral,  51,  52 
Velum  interpositum,  63 
Vena  cava,  inferior,  22,  53 

superior,  22,  51 
Venous  system,  51 
Ventricles  of  brain,  58,  62,  64,  65 

of  heart,  22,  23 
Vermis  of  cerebellum,  59 
Vertebrae,  8,  9 
Vertebral  aponeurosis,  32 

artery,  46 

column,  8 

veins,  51,  52 

Vesical,  superior,  artery,  50 
Vestibule,  20 
Vieussens,  valve  of,  57 
Villi,  15 
Viscera,  14* 

abdominal,  14 

of  head,  23 

of  neck,  23 

thoracic,  21 
Vitreous  humor,  76 
Vocal  cords,  26,  27 
Vomer,  7 

W 

Wharton's  duct,  24 
White  matter  of  brain,  61 


Zygomatic  arch,  6 
gland,  24 
process,  6 


DATE  DUE  SLIP 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA.  MEDICAI*  SCHOOL  LIBRARY 

THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


»v^> 


JUN17  1943 
JUL  3 1  1943 


HOV  6  -  1950 


2w-5,'31 


